The Impact of Obesity and Consumption of a High Fat Diet on Anxiety-Like Behavior in Mice

Abstract

Objectives This study sought to measure the behavioral effects of consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) on anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors in mice. It is hypothesized that animals consuming a HFD would exhibit more anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors than their counterparts consuming a control diet. Methods Thirty C57BL6 mice were separated into two groups (n = 15/each) and placed on either a HFD (60% from fat) or control diet (CD) (10% from fat) for four months prior to behavioral testing. Anxiogenic behavior was assessed by three behavioral measures: (1) marble burying, during which the number of marbles buried in bedding was recorded as an index of compulsive behavior, (2) light-dark exploration, in which time spent in the brightly-lit chamber was considered an index of anti-anxiety-like behavior and (3) the open field test, in which time spent in the brightly-lit center of the field was recorded as an index of anti-anxiety-like behavior. Depression-like behavior was assessed using the forced swim test, during which immobility was measured as an index of behavioral despair. Furthermore, the stress hormone corticosterone and the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured (in urine and cortex, respectively). Results The mice fed HFD demonstrated more anxiety-like behaviors than the CD mice. The HFD-fed mice spent significantly less time in the brightly-lit chamber in light-dark exploration test and significantly less time in the center of the open field compared to the CD mice. The number of marbles buried was significantly correlated with weight and locomotor activity and thus, could not be attributed to anxiety. Analysis of the forced swim test did not reveal any significant differences in the time spent immobile or latency to immobility between the two diet groups. Urinary analysis of corticosterone levels showed greater levels of the stress hormone in the HFD-fed mice. There was also a significant increase in IL-6 in the cortex of the mice fed HFD. Conclusions These data demonstrated that HFDs increased anxiety-like, but not depressive-like behaviors in mice. This anxiogenic behavior was associated with increased stress hormone and inflammation, however, further research is needed to determine if this association is also observed in humans. Funding Sources Summer Undergraduate Research Program at Simmons (SURPASs).

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“…It is possible that the young age of the mice was protective to some extent against HF-induced behavioral impairment, which also must be counted as a relatively mild model reflecting the lifestyle, rather than genetic or drug-induced cognitive dysfunction ( 66 ). It is also important to note that the lack of stressful stimuli, especially during the Barnes maze test, or age-associated anxiety-like behavior can also result in slow learning, which is not necessarily associated with impaired memory ( 66 – 68 ).…”

Emotional and Spontaneous Locomotor Behaviors Related to cerebellar Daidzein-dependent TrkB Expression Changes in Obese Hamsters

“…From a behavioral point of view, HFD hamsters rapidly displayed a reduction of spontaneous locomotor behavior as indicated by a decrease in behavioral reactivity, e.g., decreased time of rearing and wall rearing, when hamsters were placed in a novel clean cage during NCT, which was similar to that reported for HFD 57BL/6 J mice [ 31 ]. It was not unusual to observe altered explorative performances concomitantly with other anxiety-related motor activities in HFD treated animals as suggested by a decrease of time spent in the light chamber of the LDT box considered the aversive site [ 32 ]. However, when HFD hamsters were treated with DZ, an inverse situation of HFD-induced behavioral performances occurred in both NCT plus LDT apparatus, which resulted to be in line with other polyphenols reducing anxiety states and restoring spontaneous locomotor activity and exploration-like behaviors in obese rats [ 33 ].…”