“…Past research found single-mother households to be associated with a higher risk of suicidal ideation (Juon et al, 1997;Royal et al, 2017). It should be noted that singlemother households are often stigmatized and are more common among African American families; however, the adverse health outcomes are likely due to the intersection of systematic oppression, poverty, educational inequity, and limited employment opportunities (Jones et al, 2007;Royal et al, 2017), rather than simply being from a single-mother household. Participants in mother-absent homes may have been in foster care or have mothers who were incarcerated, deceased, or have serious mental health or drug problems.…”