“…Every year more than 10 million Americans have surgery as inpatients (Steiner, Karaca, Moore, Imshaug, & Pickens, 2017) and postoperative opioids are typically prescribed, particularly after major surgery (Hill, Stucke, Billmeier, Kelly, & Barth Jr, 2017). There is a growing body of literature claiming a link between postoperative opioid use as the initiating event in precipitating longterm opioid use and potential SUD (Hah, Bateman, Ratliff, Curtin, & Sun, 2017;Lanzillotta, Clark, Starbuck, Kean, & Kalarchian, 2018). The number of patients affected varies considerably from a high of 13% of opioid-naive patients after hand surgeries (Johnson et al, 2016) to a low of 1.41% of total knee arthroplasty patients and 0.6% for total hip arthroplasty patientsdall reporting opioid use after 90 days postoperatively (Lanzillotta et al, 2018;Sun, Darnall, Baker, & Mackey, 2016).…”