“…Most authors referred to Tuan's theory (Basaraba, 2021;Devine, 2017;Gulsrud et al, 2018;Harner et al, 2017;Rutha and Abbas, 2021;Rzeszewski and Naji, 2022;Toomey et al, 2021), which studies the human emotions and relationships to a specific place (Tuan, 1977), also presented as one of the foundations of placemaking (Clark and Lupton, 2021;Devine, 2017). Sense of place layers the physical space with meaning and cultural symbols (Foth et al, 2021), bringing a variety of benefits to communities, such as enabling community building (Breek et al, 2018), creating sense of ownership and entitlement (Kale, 2019), and development of community and individual identity (Chen et al, 2022;el Khafif et al, 2021;Harner et al, 2017;Kale, 2019). Scholars have reflected on the creation of sense of place in digital environments, fostering emotional online connections to create meaningful locations (Clowater, 2021;Halegoua and Polson, 2021;Harner et al, 2017;Johnstone et al, 2016;Norum and Polson, 2021;Relph, 2007;Witteborn, 2021).…”