“…A composite made up of the number of years of mother's and father's education, and either mother's or father's occupational status (whichever was the higher of the two), as measured on the ABS occupational classification index (Castles, 1986) A composite consisting of three indicators, each measured on a 4-point ordinal scale A composite of three indicators, each measured on a 5-point ordinal scale A composite of four teacher-rated bipolar items, each measured on a 5-point ordinal scale (see Rowe, 1991b;Rowe & Rowe, 1989, I 992a, 1992b, 1992c The total number of years of teacher's teaching experience A composite of three indicators including the number of literacy and non-literacy inservice PD programs attended during the last three years; and an evaluation index of 'value' gained from participation, measured on a 5-point ordinal scale A composite score of four semantic differential items measuring teacher 'Energy/Enthusiasm' (see Rowe & Sykes, 1989) A dummy variable indicating whether or not a teacher had been trained in one or more common literacy PD programs (coded '0' for 'not trained' and 'I' for 'trained') A dummy variable coded '0' for government schools and , I' for non-government schools a All composite variables and their reliabilities were calculated from the maximally weighted factor score regression coefficients obtained from the related one-factor congeneric models of their respective indicators (for specific details, see . The methodology has been illustrated by Holmes-Smith and .…”