Environmental pollution has worsened in the past few decades, and increasing pressure is being put on firms by different regulatory bodies, customer groups, NGOs and other media outlets to adopt green process innovations (GPcIs), which include clean technologies and end-of-pipe solutions. Although considerable studies have been published on GPcI, the literature is disjointed, and as such, a comprehensive understanding of the issues, challenges and gaps is lacking. A systematic literature review (SLR) involving 80 relevant studies was conducted to extract seven themes: strategic response, organisational learning, institutional pressures, structural issues, outcomes, barriers and methodological choices. The review thus highlights the various gaps in the GPcI literature and illuminates the pathways for future research by proposing a series of potential research questions. This study is of vital importance to business strategy as it provides a comprehensive framework to help firms understand the various contours of GPcI. Likewise, policymakers can use the findings of this study to fill in the loopholes in the existing regulations that firms are exploiting to circumvent taxes and other penalties by locating their operations to emerging economies with less stringent environmental regulations.clean technology, end-of-pipe solutions, green innovations, green process innovation, systematic literature review
| INTRODUCTIONNations around the globe have prioritised economic and industrial growth over the past few decades, often at the expense of the environment. This growth has mainly relied on conventional technologies, which suffer from inefficient energy consumption and severe greenhouse emissions and thus lead to global warming (J. Dai et al., 2015).Per the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global warming increases the intensity of extreme weather changes, which causes a rise in the sea level and the melting of glaciers, thereby threatening the existence of life on earth (IPCC, 2013). There is thus a dire need to switch from fossil fuel-led energy-inefficient technologies to focus more on clean and green technologies that are not only energy efficient but also help in pollution and emission reduction in the production processes (Erzurumlu & Erzurumlu, 2013). Furthermore, while green technologies have the ability to control the emission of greenhouse gases into the environment, they also have the potential to address the dilemma of economic growth. Given that governments are less willing to adopt alternative technologies if they compromise their economic and industrial growth, green technologies are particularly promising as they help in energy efficiency and emission reduction at the same time (N. Zhang, Liu, et al., 2017).