The impact of sanitation on infectious disease and nutritional status: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Freeman, Matthew C.; Garn, Joshua V.; Sclar, Gloria D.; Boisson, Sophie; Medlicott, Kate; Alexander, Kelly; Penakalapati, Gauthami; Anderson, Darcy M.; Mahtani, Amrita G.; Grimes, Jack E. T.; Rehfuess, Eva; Clasen, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.05.007

Cited by 262 publications

(214 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Nutrition has a close relationship with susceptibility to infection. Malnutrition by itself increases the host's susceptibility to infectious diseases, and these infections, in turn, have negative repercussions on the metabolism of the host, worsening the host's nutritional state . BMI is widely used as an index of an individual's nutritional status .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Malnutrition by itself increases the host's susceptibility to infectious diseases, and these infections, in turn, have negative repercussions on the metabolism of the host, worsening the host's nutritional state. 19 BMI is widely used as an index of an individual's nutritional status. 20 Several studies have revealed that underweight is associated with the risk of pneumonia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk factors for pneumonia in patients with schizophrenia

Haga

Ito

Sakashita

et al. 2018

Neuropsychopharm Rep

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Aim Pneumonia is a major cause of death in patients with schizophrenia. Preventive strategies based on identifying the risk factors are needed to reduce pneumonia‐related mortality. This study aimed to clarify the risk factors for pneumonia in patients with schizophrenia. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical files of consecutive patients with schizophrenia admitted to Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital during a four‐year period from January 2014 to December 2017. We analyzed the clinical differences between patients with and without pneumonia. Results Of the 2209 patients enrolled, 101 (4.6%) received the diagnosis of pneumonia at the time of hospital admission while 2108 (95.4%) did not have pneumonia. Multivariable analysis to determine the risk factors related to pneumonia showed that the use of atypical antipsychotics had the highest odds ratio among the predictive factors (2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0‐17.7; P = 0.046), followed by a total chlorpromazine equivalent dose ≥600 mg (2.6; 95% CI 1.7‐4.0; P < 0.001), body mass index <18.5 kg/m2 (2.3; 95% CI 1.6‐3.6; P < 0.001), smoking history (2.0; 95% CI 1.3‐3.1; P < 0.001), and age ≥50 years (1.7; 95% CI 1.2‐2.6; P = 0.002). Conclusions We found that advanced age, underweight, smoking habit, use of atypical antipsychotics, and large doses of antipsychotics were risk factors for pneumonia in patients with schizophrenia. Among these factors, it was unclear whether the use of antipsychotics was a direct cause of pneumonia due to is uncertain because our retrospective study design. However, our result might be a good basis of further study focused on reducing pneumonia‐related fatalities in schizophrenic patients with pneumonia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for pneumonia in patients with schizophrenia

Haga

Ito

Sakashita

et al. 2018

Neuropsychopharm Rep

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“…Improved access to safe water and sanitation is necessary for long-term cholera control and reductions in overall diarrheal disease burden [36][37][38]. We examined the impact of vaccination deployment strategies that targeted districts with the lowest access to improved water and sanitation as measured by WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP) indicators [27,39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of geographic targeting of oral cholera vaccination in sub-Saharan Africa: a modeling study

Lee

Azman

Kaminsky

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background:In May 2018, the World Health Assembly committed to reducing worldwide cholera deaths by 90% by 2030. Oral cholera vaccine (OCV) plays a key role in reducing the near-term risk of cholera, although global supplies are limited. Characterizing the potential impact and cost-effectiveness of mass OCV deployment strategies is critical for setting expectations and developing cholera control plans that maximize chances of success. Methods and Findings:We compared the projected impacts of vaccination campaigns across sub-Saharan Africa from 2018 through 2030 when targeting geographically according to historical cholera burden and risk factors. We assessed the number of averted cases, deaths, disability-adjusted life-years, and cost-effectiveness with models that account for direct and indirect vaccine effects and population projections over time. Under current vaccine supply projections, an approach optimized to targeting by historical burden is projected to avert 828,971 (95% CI: 803,370-859,980) cases (equivalent to 34.0% of projected cases; 95% CI: 33.2-34.8). An approach that balances logistical feasibility with targeting historical burden is projected to avert 617,424 (95% CI: 599,150-643,891) cases. In contrast, approaches optimized for targeting locations with limited access to water and sanitation are projected to avert 273,939 (95% CI: 270,319-277,002) and 109,817 (95% CI: 103,735-114,110) cases, respectively. We find that the most logistically feasible targeting strategy costs $1,843 (95% CI: 1,328-14,312) per DALY averted during this period and that effective geographic targeting of OCV campaigns can have a greater impact on cost-effectiveness than improvements to vaccine efficacy and moderate increases in coverage. Although our modeling approach did not project annual changes in baseline cholera risk or incorporate immunity from natural cholera infection, our estimates of the relative performance of different vaccination strategies should be robust to these factors. Conclusions:Our study suggests that geographic targeting is critical to the cost-effectiveness and impact of oral cholera vaccination campaigns. Districts with the poorest access to improved water and sanitation are not the same as districts with the greatest historical cholera incidence. While OCV campaigns can improve cholera control in the near-term, without rapid progress in developing water and sanitation services, our results suggest that vaccine use alone are unlikely to allow us to achieve the 2030 goals.

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“…The nonpharmaceutical interventions are helpful in decreasing the probability of contracting and transmitting the infection. [3][4][5] The people follow the messages of the ill effects of disease expansion through TV and radio advertisements and adopt precautionary measures like vaccination, [6][7][8][9][10][11] sanitation, 12 isolation, 13 and quarantine. 14 Funk et al 15 have studied the impacts of public awareness and local behavioral response on the spread of an infectious disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of TV and radio advertisements on the dynamics of an infectious disease: A modeling study

Misra

Kumar

2018

Math Methods in App Sciences

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TV and radio advertisements are widely acknowledged as important interventions in raising issues of public health care and play promising role to control the infection through propagating awareness among the individuals. In this paper, a nonlinear susceptible‐infected‐susceptible (SIS) model is proposed and analyzed to see the impacts of TV and radio advertisements on the spread of influenza epidemic. In the model formulation, it is assumed that the susceptible individuals contract infection through the direct contact with infected individuals. The information regarding the protection against the disease is propagated via TV and radio advertisements, and their growth rates are assumed to be proportional to the fraction of infected individuals. However, the growth rate of TV advertisements decreases with the increase in number of aware individuals. The information broadcasted through TV and radio advertisements induces behavioral changes among the susceptible individuals, and they form an isolated aware class. The epidemiological feasible equilibria, their stability properties, and direction of bifurcation are discussed. The expression for modified basic reproduction number is obtained. The model analysis shows that the dissemination rate of awareness among susceptible individuals due to TV and radio advertisements and baseline number of TV and radio advertisements have potential to reduce the epidemic peak and, thus, control the spread of infection. Further, the analytical findings are well supported through numerical simulation.

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The impact of sanitation on infectious disease and nutritional status: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract: This review confirms positive impacts of sanitation on aspects of health. Evidence gaps remain and point to the need for research that rigorously describes sanitation implementation and type of sanitation interventions.

Cited by 262 publications

References 61 publications

Risk factors for pneumonia in patients with schizophrenia

Risk factors for pneumonia in patients with schizophrenia

The impact of geographic targeting of oral cholera vaccination in sub-Saharan Africa: a modeling study

Impacts of TV and radio advertisements on the dynamics of an infectious disease: A modeling study

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