“…(Katz, 1981) Scientific studies that specifically examine the SHG concept in Alfred Katz's view are still very limited. Some of the research that has been conducted in Indonesia regarding SHGs focuses more on the concept of SHGs as support counseling groups, with a focus on the psychosocial aspects and emotional support provided by the group to its individual members (Fagan, Quinn-Gates, Rebsso, & Cromie, 2021;Fauk, Gesesew, Mwanri, Hawke, & Ward, 2022;McGovern, Addison, & McGovern, 2021). On the other hand, there is research that places more emphasis on mass organizations (ormas) which have different conceptual characteristics from Katz's SHG concept.…”