The Impact of Socioeconomic Status on the Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19; a Retrospective Cohort Study

Little, C. C.; Alsen, Mathilda; Barlow, Joshua; Naymagon, Leonard; Tremblay, Douglas; Genden, Eric M.; Trosman, Samuel J.; Iavicoli, Laura; Gerwen, Maaike van

doi:10.1007/s10900-020-00944-3

Cited by 72 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, no data were collected regarding the different ethnic groups living in Italy nor information regarding the socio-economic status or the provenience region of the participants. These could be important aspects to be explored in future research, integrating other preliminary studies that suggest the existence of an unequal socioeconomic gradient (including differences in age, gender, and race between poverty groups) in the demographic and clinical presentation of COVID-19 patients [ 50 ], also considering the different distribution of the virus in the Italian country in each phase [ 27 ]. Finally, the use of self-report measures inherently introduces measuring biases, especially the social desirability one which may lead to underreporting due to the stigma attached to mental illness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Across the COVID-19 Waves; Assessing Temporal Fluctuations in Perceived Stress, Post-Traumatic Symptoms, Worry, Anxiety and Civic Moral Disengagement over One Year of Pandemic

Gori

Topino

2021

IJERPH

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This study aimed at investigating the psychological effect of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy by analysing the trends of perceived stress, post-traumatic symptoms, state anxiety, worry, and civic moral disengagement in four different moments from March 2020 to March 2021. The study involved a total of 1827 Italian participants (30% men and 70% women; Mage = 34.72; SD = 12.40) divided into four groups to which an online survey was administered. The first group completed the survey in March 2020, the second one in August 2020, the third one in November 2020, and the fourth one in March 2021. Results highlighted significant decreases in post-traumatic symptoms and a significant increase in civic moral disengagement over the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The levels of perceived stress, worry, and state anxiety remained constant. The correlations between the variables at different times were also explored, as well as gender differences over the year. The COVID-19 emergency has had significant effects on the mental state of the population, with important repercussions for individual and collective well-being during but probably also after the pandemic. This study offers a clear snapshot of the psychological outcomes over one COVID-19 pandemic year, providing important information that may contribute to tailor more effective interventions for mental health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Across the COVID-19 Waves; Assessing Temporal Fluctuations in Perceived Stress, Post-Traumatic Symptoms, Worry, Anxiety and Civic Moral Disengagement over One Year of Pandemic

Gori

Topino

2021

IJERPH

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“…Differences in registered vaccination, as well as access to health care and lifestyle (e.g., travel and related exposure to pathogens), may relate to socio-economic status (SES), which in turn has been coupled to COVID-19 risk and outcome. 24,25 We therefore included the Townsend deprivation index as a covariate in our analyses, as previously described. 26 We flipped the sign of this measure so that higher scores can be interpreted as higher SES.…”

Section: Covariatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination history for diphtheria and tetanus is associated with less severe COVID-19

Monereo‐Sánchez

Luykx

Pinzon-Espinosa

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: COVID-19 is characterized by strikingly large, mostly unexplained, interindividual variation in symptom severity. While some individuals remain nearly asymptomatic, others suffer from severe respiratory failure. It has been hypothesized that previous vaccinations for other pathogens, in particular tetanus, may provide protection against severe COVID-19. Methods: We made use of data on COVID-19 testing from 103,049 participants of the UK Biobank (mean age 71.5 years, 54.2% female), coupled to immunization records of the last ten years. Using logistic regression, covarying for age, sex, respiratory disease diagnosis, and socioeconomic status, we tested whether individuals vaccinated for tetanus, diphtheria or pertussis, differed from individuals that had only received other vaccinations on 1) undergoing a COVID-19 test, 2) the outcome of this test, and 3) whether they developed severe COVID-19. Results: We found that individuals with registered diphtheria or tetanus vaccinations were less likely to develop severe COVID-19 than people who had only received other vaccinations (diphtheria OR=0.46, p=3.6x10-4; tetanus OR=0.50, p=5.8x10-4). Discussion: These results indicate that a history of diphtheria or tetanus vaccinations is associated with less severe manifestations of COVID-19. These vaccinations may protect against severe COVID-19 symptoms by stimulating the immune system. We note the correlational nature of these results, yet the possibility that these vaccinations may influence the severity of COVID-19 warrants follow-up investigations.

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“…Low-income people might have limited access to health products such as masks and sanitizers, which have high effects on virus transmission and vitality [34,35]. They are more likely to work out of their homes due to unstable jobs and income or less likely to have reliable and valid information about the COVID-19 disease [36,37].…”

Section: Significant Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing the Factors Affecting the COVID-19 Risk Level in the US Counties

Ziyadidegan¹,

Razavi²,

Pesarakli³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The COVID-19 disease spreads swiftly, and nearly three months after the first positive case was confirmed in China, Coronavirus started to spread all over the United States. Some states and counties reported an extremely high number of positive cases and deaths, while some reported too few COVID-19 related cases and mortality. In this paper, the factors that could affect the transmission of COVID-19 and its risk level in different counties have been determined and analyzed. Using Pearson Correlation, K-means clustering, and several classification models, the most critical ones were determined. Results showed that mean temperature, percent of people below poverty, percent of adults with obesity, air pressure, percentage of rural areas, and percent of uninsured people in each county were the most significant and effective attributes.

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The Impact of Socioeconomic Status on the Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19; a Retrospective Cohort Study

Cited by 72 publications

References 22 publications

Across the COVID-19 Waves; Assessing Temporal Fluctuations in Perceived Stress, Post-Traumatic Symptoms, Worry, Anxiety and Civic Moral Disengagement over One Year of Pandemic

Across the COVID-19 Waves; Assessing Temporal Fluctuations in Perceived Stress, Post-Traumatic Symptoms, Worry, Anxiety and Civic Moral Disengagement over One Year of Pandemic

Vaccination history for diphtheria and tetanus is associated with less severe COVID-19

Analyzing the Factors Affecting the COVID-19 Risk Level in the US Counties

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