The Impact of Spray-Mediated Enhanced Enthalpy and Reduced Drag Coefficients in the Modelling of Tropical Cyclones

Zweers, N. C.; Makin, V. K.; Vries, J. W. de; Kudryavtsev, V. N.

doi:10.1007/s10546-014-9996-1

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“…Starting with the same temperature of the surface water, they may also lose sensible heat to the atmosphere. Previous numerical studies to investigate the effect of sea spray on tropical cyclones and extratropical storms intensity have been carried out by, among others, Andreas and Emanuel [2001] and Zweers et al [2015]. Recent observations have further confirmed that enthalpy fluxes at the high winds present in a typhoon are likely dominated by spray [Richter and Stern, 2014].…”

Section: Sea Spraymentioning

confidence: 92%

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Sensitivity of typhoon modeling to surface waves and rainfall

et al. 2017

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Improving intensity simulation and forecast of tropical cyclones has always been a challenge, although in recent years the track forecasts have been remarkably improved. In this study, we explore the sensitivity of typhoon simulation to three physical processes using a fully coupled atmosphere‐ocean‐wave model. Two storms, a strong and a weak one, have been chosen. The effects of wave breaking induced sea spray, ocean vertical mixing associated with nonbreaking surface waves, and sea surface cooling due to intense rainfall are assessed by means of a set of numerical experiments. The results show and confirm that sea spray leads to an increase of typhoon intensity by enhancing the air‐sea heat flux, while nonbreaking wave‐induced vertical mixing and rainfall lead to a decrease. Each process can be relevant, depending on wind and wave conditions. These can vary dramatically when typhoons interact with not sufficiently well‐defined coastal areas, typically an archipelago. Compared with the control runs, when all the three physical processes are considered, the (absolute) difference between the modeled sea level pressure and best track data is reduced from 26.05 to 0.70 hPa for typhoon Haiyan, and from −9.42 to −8.67 hPa for typhoon Jebi. We have found a steady overestimate of the dimensions of the typhoons. We have verified an extreme sensitivity to the initial conditions, especially when small differences in the typhoon track may imply different relevance of the physical processes, like the ones we have considered, governing the evolution of the storm.

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Section: Sea Spraymentioning

confidence: 92%

“…[], and Zweers et al . []. Recent observations have further confirmed that enthalpy fluxes at the high winds present in a typhoon are likely dominated by spray [ Richter and Stern , ].…”

Section: The Physical Processes We Explorementioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity of typhoon modeling to surface waves and rainfall

et al. 2017

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“…A decade later, this notion was confirmed experimentally by Powell et al (2003) for hurricane conditions, who even suggested that wind drag decreases for wind speeds exceeding 30 m/s. Parameterisations of this effect were proposed by Hwang (2011 and Zweers et al (2015). It is noted that no firm evidence exists about the behaviour of wind drag for wind speeds above 30 m/s (Stoffelen 2015, personal communication) and that a conservative approach is to cap the wind drag at its maximum value reached at a wind speed of about 30 m/s.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source term balance in a severe storm in the Southern North Sea

Vledder

Hulst²,

McConochie

2016

Ocean Dynamics

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This paper presents the results of a wave hindcast of a severe storm in the Southern North Sea to verify recently developed deep and shallow water source terms. The work was carried out in the framework of the ONR funded NOPP project (Tolman et al. 2013) in which deep and shallow water source terms were developed for use in third-generation wave prediction models. These deep water source terms for whitecapping, wind input and nonlinear interactions were developed, implemented and tested primarily in the WAVEWATCH III model, whereas shallow water source terms for depth-limited wave breaking and triad interactions were developed, implemented and tested primarily in the SWAN wave model. So far, the new deepwater source terms for whitecapping were not fully tested in shallow environments. Similarly, the shallow water source terms were not yet tested in large inter-mediate depth areas Shell Global Solutions International B.V, Rijswijk, The Netherlands like the North Sea. As a first step in assessing the performance of these newly developed source terms, the source term balance and the effect of different physical settings on the prediction of wave heights and wave periods in the relatively shallow North Sea was analysed. The December 2013 storm was hindcast with a SWAN model implementation for the North Sea. Spectral wave boundary conditions were obtained from an Atlantic Ocean WAVEWATCH III model implementation and the model was driven by hourly CFSR wind fields. In the southern part of the North Sea, current and water level effects were included. The hindcast was performed with five different settings for whitecapping, viz. three Komen type whitecapping formulations, the saturation-based whitecapping by Van der Westhuysen et al. (2007) and the recently developed ST6 whitecapping as described by Zieger et al. (2015). Results of the wave hindcast were compared with buoy measurements at location K13 collected by the Dutch Ministry of Transport and Public Works. An analysis was made of the source term balance at three locations, the deep water location North Cormorant, the inter-mediate depth location K13 and at location Wielingen, a shallow water location close to the Dutch coast. The results indicate that at deep water the source terms for wind input, whitecapping and nonlinear four-wave interactions are of the same magnitude. At the inter-mediate depth location K13, bottom friction plays a significant role, whereas at the shallow water location Wielingen also depth-limited wave breaking becomes important.

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“…One possible reason for the biases is that the resolution of the model is not high enough to capture the wind speed change in the simulations. When a decrease of drag coefficient and increase of heat transfer were implemented into the numerical simulation in the study of Zweers et al (2015), the intensity of the tropical cyclones was overestimated. Sensitivity experiments show that the changes of SST have a big impact on the intensity of tropical cyclones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of waves and sea spray on modelling storm track and development

Wu¹,

Rutgersson²,

Larsén³

2015

Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography

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A B S T R A C TIn high wind speed conditions, sea spray generated by intensely breaking waves greatly influences the wind stress and heat fluxes. Measurements indicate that the drag coefficient decreases at high wind speeds. The sea spray generation function (SSGF), an important term of wind stress parameterisation at high wind speeds, is usually treated as a function of wind speed/friction velocity. In this study, we introduce a wave-state-dependent SSGF and wave-age-dependent Charnock number into a high wind speedÁwind stress parameterisation. The newly proposed wind stress parameterisation and sea spray heat flux parameterisation were applied to an atmosphereÁwave coupled model to study the mid-latitude storm development of six storm cases. Compared with measurements from the FINO1 platform in the North Sea, the new wind stress parameterisation can reduce wind speed simulation errors in the high wind speed range. Considering only sea spray impact on wind stress (and not on heat fluxes) will intensify the storms (in terms of minimum sea level pressure and maximum wind speed), but has little effect on the storm tracks. Considering the impact of sea spray on heat fluxes only (not on wind stress) can improve the model performance regarding air temperature, but it has little effect on the storm intensity and storm track performance. If the impact of sea spray on both the wind stress and heat fluxes is taken into account, the model performs best in all experiments for minimum sea level pressure, maximum wind speed and air temperature.

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The Impact of Spray-Mediated Enhanced Enthalpy and Reduced Drag Coefficients in the Modelling of Tropical Cyclones

Cited by 20 publications

References 26 publications

Sensitivity of typhoon modeling to surface waves and rainfall

Sensitivity of typhoon modeling to surface waves and rainfall

Source term balance in a severe storm in the Southern North Sea

The impact of waves and sea spray on modelling storm track and development

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