The Impact of Stem Cells on Parenteral Phase of Experimental Trichinosis during Vaccination Trial

Abstract

Background and study aim: Trichinellosis is a severe food-borne parasitic zoonosis. The protective immunity against infection from crude larval antigens (CLA) was performed effectively which suggests that the whole larvae would be possible vaccine candidates. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM MSCs) induce immunomodulatory impacts through affection of T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Methods: Ninety healthy mice were divided into five main groups, 10 mice each, 30 mice were for attaining BM MSCs and 10 mice for CLA preparation. Group 1 & 2 as control, Group 3: immunized with CLA then infected, Group 4: immunized with MSCs then infected. Group 5 immunized with CLA and MSCs then infected. Mice were challenged by orally infective dose with 500 Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) larvae. Results: Showed that significant reduction in the number of T. spiralis larvae was in group 5 (received CLA + MSCs) followed by group 3 (received CLA only) then group 4 (received MSCs only) with percentage reductions of 85.4 %, 82 % and 68.9 %, respectively. G2 (infected only) showed absence of CD8+ infiltration. G3 showed moderate density of CD8+ infiltration, G4 and G5 showed high density CD8+ infiltration. However, muscle sections from G2 showed high density of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) infiltration; G3 showed moderate density of TNFα infiltration; G4 showed very low density of TNFα infiltration and G5 showed complete absence of TNFα infiltration. Conclusion: We concluded that immunization by CLA combined with BM MSCs as adjuvant generated T-helper type 2 (Th2)-mediated responses with increased CD8+ cell infiltration and decreased TNF-α required for immunity against trichinellosis with a 85.4% reduction in muscle larvae compared with the control group.

Evaluation of the therapeutic effect of Olibanum extract against enteric and intramuscular phases of trichinosis in experimentally infected mice

“…The presence of a brown membranous stain in inflammatory T cells was considered positive in different studied groups (Etewa et al 2020). CD8 þ T cells were quantified per 10 High Power Field and expressed as mean AE standard deviation (SD).…”

“…2019; Etewa et al . 2020; Nassef et al 2018; Shalaby et al 2010). The present study revealed an improvement in histopathological changes with both treatments in both phases of trichinosis as evidenced by a significant decrease in the number of inflammatory cells, a low inflammatory score, and normal villous architecture at the level of the intestine and a reduced number of degenerated larvae with their surrounding cellular infiltrates and increased regenerative muscles at the muscular phase.…”

“…On days 6 and 35 p.i., mice were euthanized through cervical dislocation. Previously, the animals had been anesthetized using isoflurane (Etewa et al 2020). The effects of the drugs on adult worms were evaluated using the small intestines of mice sacrificed on day 6 p.i (Intestinal phase).…”

“…2009) annually, with a 0.2% mortality rate (Etewa et al . 2020). Most human infections are caused by accidental ingestion (Yadav & Temjenmongla 2012) of viable infective encysted T. spiralis larvae in raw or undercooked pork and pork products (Gottstein et al 2009).…”

“…Trichinosis is a globally food-borne zoonotic disease (Abuelenain et al 2021) caused primarily by Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis), the most dangerous human species (Sarhan et al 2021) and ranked among the top ten food-borne parasites worldwide (Abd-elrahman et al 2020). It is estimated that approximately 10,000 cases occur (Gottstein et al 2009) annually, with a 0.2% mortality rate (Etewa et al 2020). Most human infections are caused by accidental ingestion (Yadav & Temjenmongla 2012) of viable infective encysted T. spiralis larvae in raw or undercooked pork and pork products (Gottstein et al 2009).…”