The impact of strength training on skeletal muscle morphology and architecture in children and adolescents with spastic cerebral palsy: A systematic review

Gillett, Jarred G.; Boyd, Roslyn N.; Carty, Christopher P.; Barber, Lee

doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.06.003

Cited by 58 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Structural abnormalities in the muscle among individuals with CP, including reduced muscle size and abnormal composition, combined with altered neural control (e.g. increased co‐contraction and selective activation), contribute to reduced muscle strength and power compared with TD individuals . Muscle strength varies widely not only among individuals but also among disability severity, as classified by the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS; function deteriorates from levels I to V) .…”

Section: Characteristics Of Muscle and Muscle Growth In People With Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…increased co-contraction and selective activation 44,45 ), contribute to reduced muscle strength and power compared with TD individuals. 31,[46][47][48] Muscle strength varies widely not only among individuals but also among disability severity, as classified by the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS; function deteriorates from levels I to V). 49 The muscle strength of children classified as GMFCS levels I and II ranges between 50% and 100% of predicted normal for all muscle groups of the lower extremity except ankle dorsiflexors (which is lower).…”

Section: Strength and Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of muscle preservation in individuals with cerebral palsy across the lifespan: a narrative review of the literature

Verschuren

Smorenburg

Luiking

et al. 2018

J cachexia sarcopenia muscle

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In individuals with cerebral palsy (CP), smaller muscle and atrophy are present at young age. Many people with CP also experience a decline in gross motor function as they age, which might be explained by the loss of muscle mass. The clinical observation of muscle wasting has prompted a comparison with sarcopenia in older adults, and the term accelerated musculoskeletal ageing is often used to describe the hallmark phenotype of CP through the lifespan. However, there has been very little research emphasis on the natural history of ageing with CP and even less with respect to the determinants or prevention of muscle loss with CP. Considering the burgeoning interest in the science of muscle preservation, this paper aims to (i) describe the characteristics of accelerated musculoskeletal ageing in people with CP, (ii) describe the pathophysiology of sarcopenia and parallels with CP, and (iii) discuss possible therapeutic approaches, based on established approaches for sarcopenia.

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Section: Characteristics Of Muscle and Muscle Growth In People With Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Strength and Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of muscle preservation in individuals with cerebral palsy across the lifespan: a narrative review of the literature

Verschuren

Smorenburg

Luiking

et al. 2018

J cachexia sarcopenia muscle

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“…43,159 The paucity of studies that have implemented robust PRT programs in individuals with CP, as well as the lack of objective neuromuscular outcome measures following the interventions, makes it difficult to draw conclusions regarding the effectiveness of strength training in this population. 160 Given the high multimorbidity rates in middle-aged adults with CP, even without improvements in functional capacity following muscle strengthening interventions, there may be benefits to overall health wellbeing by maintaining muscle mass and strength across the lifespan. 161 The design of robust exercise training interventions in skeletally mature individuals with CP, 152 with objective neuromuscular and functional outcome measures, show the most potential to further our understanding of the link between neuromuscular adaptation and functional capacity in this population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…74,91,166 Improvements in strength have been demonstrated for both TD and individuals with CP following PRT. 43,46,91,159,160 Multiple studies have reported limited evidence for subsequent improvements in functional capacity and translation to improved physical activity performance in individuals with CP. 43,45,108,159 The lack of strength transfer to functional capacity improvements in previous strength training studies may be due to a lack of specificity of training modes; insufficient training loads to illicit adaptation; a lack of use of PRT guidelines; and the confounding effects of multiple impairments in individuals with CP such as muscle weakness, stiffness, and altered motor control, that may all influence function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…168,169 While the evidence is strong for positive muscle adaptation following PRT in TD individuals, 169,170 a recent systematic review found only preliminary evidence for improved muscle morphology and architecture in children and adolescents with CP. 160 To the best of our knowledge, there have been no studies published in adults with CP that The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of a high intensity combined progressive resistance and anaerobic training intervention in individuals with CP aged 15 -30 years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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FAST CP: The effect of Functional Anaerobic and Strength Training on muscle properties, functional capacity, and gait in adolescents and young adults with Cerebral Palsy

Gillett¹

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Cerebral palsy (CP) is the largest single cause of childhood physical disability. While the brain lesion responsible for CP is static, there is a cascade of secondary musculoskeletal adaptations including reduced muscle size, reduced joint range of motion, increased joint stiffness, and muscle weakness. These secondary alterations progress with age and contribute to a gradual loss of functional capacity into adulthood. Strength training has been used to increase muscle strength in individuals with CP, however it may not be an effective intervention for improving gross mobility-related measures, such as walking performance. It is also unknown whether skeletal muscle in young adults with CP can undergo hypertrophy or architectural adaptations in response to different exercise modes.The general aim of this thesis was to examine the effect of combined functional anaerobic and strength training (FAST) on muscle properties, functional capacity, and gait in adolescents and young adults with CP.A systematic review was undertaken (Chapter 2) to determine the effects of muscle strengthening interventions on skeletal muscle morphology and architecture in children and adolescents with CP. The analysis revealed preliminary evidence that strength training leads to increased muscle size in children and adolescents with CP, accompanied by an increase in muscle strength. Muscle hypertrophy findings may, however, be confounded by factors such as natural growth and concurrent therapies. The findings of this review informed the design of the FAST program and outcome measures used in the following studies to better understand the muscular responses to exercise training in this population.The full study protocol for the FAST intervention is described in Chapter 3. There have been no previous exercise trials conducted in young adults with CP using training parameters that meet established guidelines, that have measured muscle morphology and architecture outcomes. Details of the functional anaerobic and resistance training parameters and progressions according to established guidelines are set out, as well as establishing a-priori outcome measures and the data analysis plan for implementation of the intervention. iii A cross-sectional study was undertaken (Chapter 4) to investigate the relationships between muscle strength, stiffness, and functional capacity in a larger sample of adults with CP. The results of this study demonstrated that maximum isometric plantar flexion strength independently explained 50 -61% of variance in functional capacity outcome measures. Passive medial gastrocnemius muscle fascicle stiffness and ankle joint stiffness were not related to functional capacity measures. These findings suggest lower isometric muscle strength of the plantar flexor muscles contributes to the decline in functional capacity in adults with CP. Chapter 5 investigated the impact of the FAST intervention on lower limb muscle volumes, joint and muscle stiffness, muscle strength, and functional capacity in a sample of 17 young adults with CP...

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Rivas¹,

McEntire²,

Kowalske³

et al. 2020

Handbook of Burns Volume 2

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The impact of strength training on skeletal muscle morphology and architecture in children and adolescents with spastic cerebral palsy: A systematic review

Cited by 58 publications

References 54 publications

Determinants of muscle preservation in individuals with cerebral palsy across the lifespan: a narrative review of the literature

Determinants of muscle preservation in individuals with cerebral palsy across the lifespan: a narrative review of the literature

FAST CP: The effect of Functional Anaerobic and Strength Training on muscle properties, functional capacity, and gait in adolescents and young adults with Cerebral Palsy

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