The Impact of the El Niño Southern Oscillation on the Number of Visitors to Natural Attractions: The Moderating Effect of Disposable Personal Income, per Capita GDP and Population

Abstract

Analyzing the impact of El Nilo Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the number of tourists is essential in realizing the sustainable development of natural scenic spots. From the current research results, research on the effects of ENSO on tourism focuses on the impact of the formation of the natural environment. However, there is a lack of ENSO-related research on the number of people arriving at natural attractions. This paper considers the adjustment effects of personal disposable income, per capita GDP, and population size and constructs a new framework of ENSO’s influence on tourism. This paper builds a system GMM (Gaussian Mixture Model) and analyzes the impact of ENSO on tourist flow by using Google Trend data (big data technology) to obtain annual passenger flow data of 48 natural scenic spots in the United States (mainly national parks and national forests). The empirical results show that the increase in ENSO has led to a significant decrease in visitors to natural attractions in the United States. Moreover, the increase in personal disposable income, per capita GDP, and population size can weaken the relationship between ENSO and the number of tourists. This research expands and enriches the theoretical perspective of ENSO and outdoor tourism.

El Niño’s Implications for the Victoria Falls Resort and Tourism Economy in the Era of Climate Change

“…Similarly, only a few studies have focused on its impact on marine ecosystems [25]. Xiong et al [26] lamented the scarcity of research in this area and found that the El Niño drought decreased visits to national parks in the USA. Droughts caused by El Niño commonly lead to a decline in gross domestic product (GDP), reducing disposable income and hindering people's mobility.…”