The Impact of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus on the Human Papillomavirus Epidemic

In Vivo Identification of Langerhans and Related Dendritic Cells Infected with HIV-1 Subtype E in Vaginal Mucosa of Asymptomatic Patients

“…Not all potential pathogens were tested for, including herpes simplex and human papilloma virus (HPV). HIVseropositive women are more frequently infected by HPV than are HIV-seronegative controls (22)(23)(24). We have observed similar inflammation in HPVinfected vaginal tissues (unpublished data), and HPV may be one of the possible agents that causes the vaginal mucosal inflammation in HIV-positive patients.…”

Clinical Manifestations of the Human Papillomavirus

“…Lesion regression is frequently spontaneous, and the immune system plays an important role, as is reflected in practice by the increased HPV susceptibility of immunosuppressed patients. In these cases, the lesions are clinically more exuberant and recalcitrant to treatment [3]. It is important to highlight a particular collective group composed of butchers and slaughterhouse workers who, without immunosuppression, have a higher risk compared to the general population [4,5].…”

“…Also described are hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, focal acanthosis, koilocytosis and mitosoid figures (cells that present degenerative nuclear changes that simulate mitosis) in superficial keratinocytes [3,4]. When HPV DNA is detected, either by PCR or in situ hybridization, Genotypes 12 and 32 are appreciated in more than 90% of cases and in Types 1 and 11.…”

Skin Diseases Associated with HIV Infection

“…Patients who have undergone transplantation and individuals with compromised immune systems have demonstrated an increased risk of developing HPV infections. Many studies have shown a marked increase in concomitant HPV infection in the cervical, perianal, anal, and penile regions in HIV-seropositive subjects as compared with individuals who have normal immune systems [25].…”

“…Some overlap does exist, and certain HPV subtypes may be present at both sites. The HPV lesions usually manifest as benign epithelial appendages that may appear as acuminatous, papular, or flat lesions [25]. At least 82 different HPV types have been identified, based on the DNA sequence diversity, and many remain yet uncharacterised [26].…”