The Impact of the Storage Conditions and Type of Clearomizers on the Increase of Heavy Metal Levels in Electronic Cigarette Liquids Retailed in Romania

Jităreanu, Alexandra; Cara, Irina Gabriela; Sava, Alexandru; Mârțu, Ioana; Caba, Ioana-Cezara; Agoroaei, Luminiţa

doi:10.3390/toxics10030126

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(90 reference statements)

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“…The storage temperature could also affect the increase in metals in the fluid. In a recent study evaluating the metal concentrations of lead, nickel, and zinc in clearomizers, the concentrations of all three elements increased when the clearomizers were stored in a temperature range of 22–40° [ 40 ]. These increases in element/metal concentrations also varied with EC brand.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Elements, Flavor Chemicals, and Nicotine in Unused and Used Electronic Cigarettes Aged 5–10 Years and Effects of pH

Williams

Luo

McWhirter

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The concentrations of elements/metals, nicotine, flavor chemicals and acids were compared in the e-liquids of unused and used first-generation electronic cigarettes (ECs) that were stored for 5–10 years. Metal analysis was performed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy; nicotine and flavor chemical analyses were performed using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Of the 22 elements analyzed, 10 (aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, lead, nickel, selenium, silicon, tin, zinc) were often found in the e-liquids. Five elements had the highest average concentrations: copper (1161.6 mg/L), zinc (295.8 mg/L), tin (287.6 mg/L), nickel (71.1 mg/L), and lead (50.3 mg/L). Nicotine concentrations were always lower than label concentrations indicated. Of the 181 flavor chemicals analyzed, 11 were detected in at least one sample, with hydroxyacetone being present in all samples. In used products, some flavor chemicals appeared to be by-products of heating. E-liquids with the highest concentrations of acids and the lowest pH levels also had the highest concentrations of elements/metals. Metal concentrations in e-liquids increased after use in some products, and some metal concentrations, such as nickel, were high enough to be a health concern. Leachates from discarded ECs could contribute toxic metals/chemicals to the environment, supporting the need for better regulation of atomizer design, composition, and disposal.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Elements, Flavor Chemicals, and Nicotine in Unused and Used Electronic Cigarettes Aged 5–10 Years and Effects of pH

Williams

Luo

McWhirter

et al. 2022

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The storage temperature could also affect the increase in metals in the fluid. In a recent study evaluating the metal concentrations of lead, nickel, and zinc in clearomizers, the concentrations of all three elements increased when the clearomizers were stored in 22-40° [40]. These increases in element/metal concentrations also varied with EC brand.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Chemical Elements, Flavor Chemicals, and Nicotine in Unused and Used Electronic Cigarettes Aged 5-10 Years and Effects of pH

Williams

Luo

McWhirter

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The concentrations of elements/metals, nicotine, flavor chemicals and acids were com-pared in the e-liquids of unused and used first-generation electronic cigarettes (ECs) that were stored for 5-10 years. Metal analysis was done using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy; nicotine and flavor chemical analysis were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Of 22 elements analyzed, 10 (aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, lead, nickel, selenium, silicon, tin, zinc) were often in the e-liquids. Five elements had the highest average concentrations: copper (1,161.6 mg/L), zinc (295.8 mg/L), tin (287.6 mg/L), nickel (71.1 mg/L), and lead (50.3 mg/L). Nicotine concentrations were always lower than label concentrations. Of 181 flavor chemicals analyzed, 11 were measured in at least one sample, with hydroxyacetone being present in all samples. In used products, some flavor chemicals appeared to be byproducts of heating. E-liquids with the highest concentrations of acids and lowest pHs also had the highest concentrations of elements/metals. Metal concentrations in e-liquids increased after use in some products, and some metal concentrations, such as nickel, were high enough to be a health concern. Leachates from discarded ECs could contribute toxic metals/chemicals to the environment sup-porting the need for better regulation of atomizer design, composition, and disposal.

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“…Table 1 summarizes the common additives and pollutants in vaping fluid, their mechanisms of pulmonary damage, or related toxicities. Increased use of E-cigarettes and ECs has raised numerous adverse health concerns involving the risks of heavy metals exposure via Els and vapors [145]. Current studies have confirmed that many heavy metals are present in both EC liquids and vapors at potentially harmful levels, which endangers both user and passive vaping [146].…”

Section: Cannabidiol (Cbd) Vaping Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaping, Environmental Toxicants Exposure, and Lung Cancer Risk

Shehata,

Toraih,

Ismail

et al. 2023

Cancers

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Lung cancer (LC) is the second-most prevalent tumor worldwide. According to the most recent GLOBOCAN data, over 2.2 million LC cases were reported in 2020, with an estimated new death incident of 1,796,144 lung cancer cases. Genetic, lifestyle, and environmental exposure play an important role as risk factors for LC. E-cigarette, or vaping, products (EVPs) use has been dramatically increasing world-wide. There is growing concern that EVPs consumption may increase the risk of LC because EVPs contain several proven carcinogenic compounds. However, the relationship between EVPs and LC is not well established. E-cigarette contains nicotine derivatives (e.g., nitrosnornicotine, nitrosamine ketone), heavy metals (including organometal compounds), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and flavorings (aldehydes and complex organics). Several environmental toxicants have been proven to contribute to LC. Proven and plausible environmental carcinogens could be physical (ionizing and non-ionizing radiation), chemicals (such as asbestos, formaldehyde, and dioxins), and heavy metals (such as cobalt, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel). Air pollution, especially particulate matter (PM) emitted from vehicles and industrial exhausts, is linked with LC. Although extensive environmental exposure prevention policies and smoking reduction strategies have been adopted globally, the dangers remain. Combined, both EVPs and toxic environmental exposures may demonstrate significant synergistic oncogenicity. This review aims to analyze the current publications on the importance of the relationship between EVPs consumption and environmental toxicants in the pathogenesis of LC.

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The Impact of the Storage Conditions and Type of Clearomizers on the Increase of Heavy Metal Levels in Electronic Cigarette Liquids Retailed in Romania

Cited by 10 publications

References 50 publications

Chemical Elements, Flavor Chemicals, and Nicotine in Unused and Used Electronic Cigarettes Aged 5–10 Years and Effects of pH

Chemical Elements, Flavor Chemicals, and Nicotine in Unused and Used Electronic Cigarettes Aged 5–10 Years and Effects of pH

Chemical Elements, Flavor Chemicals, and Nicotine in Unused and Used Electronic Cigarettes Aged 5-10 Years and Effects of pH

Vaping, Environmental Toxicants Exposure, and Lung Cancer Risk

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