The Impact of Training Load on Bone Mineral Density of Adolescent Swimmers: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Agostinete, Ricardo Ribeiro; Maillane-Vanegas, Santiago; Lynch, Kyle R.; Turi-Lynch, Bruna Camilo; Coelho‐e‐Silva, Manuel J.; Campos, Eduardo Zapaterra; Cayres, Suziane Ungari; Fernandes, Rômulo Araújo

doi:10.1123/pes.2017-0008

Cited by 30 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The aBMD (g/cm²), fat mass (kg), and lean soft tissue (LST, in kg) were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA; Lunar DPX-NT; General Electric Healthcare, Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) using GE Medical System Lunar software (version 4.7). The precision of the device was tested through the measurements of 30 participants assessed at two moments, resulting in a coefficient of variation (CV) = 0.66% (in whole body aBMD analysis, subjects not included in this sample, as stated in previous studies) [ 12 , 27 ]. On every day of measurement, a researcher checked the quality status of the scanner before performing the evaluation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On every day of measurement, a researcher checked the quality status of the scanner before performing the evaluation. The participants wore light clothes and took off any metal accessories (e.g., rings, necklaces, and ear rings) [ 12 , 28 ]. The measurement was performed in the supine position for approximately 15 min [ 12 , 28 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The participants wore light clothes and took off any metal accessories (e.g., rings, necklaces, and ear rings) [ 12 , 28 ]. The measurement was performed in the supine position for approximately 15 min [ 12 , 28 ]. The radiation dose applied is lower than 0.05mrem [ 29 ] with potentially minimal harm to the adolescent’s health.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this way, many studies have sought to understand the effects of different sport training variables on bone health, such as training load and training volume [ 11 , 12 ]. In fact, the weekly training volume in some sports might be beneficial to body composition (increased lean soft tissue) [ 13 ] and bone formation in different segments [ 13 – 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influential role of lean soft tissue in the association between training volume and bone mineral density among male adolescent practitioners of impact-loading sports: ABCD Growth study

et al. 2020

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Background Training volume is associated with direct and indirect pathways of bone adaptations. In addition, training volume is a training variable associated with lean soft tissue (LST), which has been shown to be an important predictor of areal bone mineral density (aBMD). Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the influential role of lean soft tissue (LST) in the association between training volume and aBMD in male adolescent athletes. Methods This cross-sectional study was composed of 299 male adolescent athletes, mean age 14.1 (1.8) years, from 9 different weight-bearing modalities. The Ethical Board approved the investigation. The adolescents reported the number of days per week they trained and the time spent training and, from this, the training volume (h/wk) was estimated. The LST and aBMD were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Somatic maturation was estimated by the peak of height velocity. Mediation analysis was performed to investigate the role of LST in the association between training volume and aBMD. Level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results LST partially explained the association between training volume and aBMD in all body segments: upper limbs (58.37%; β = 0.00142), lower limbs (28.35%; β = 0.00156), spine (33.80%; β = 0.00124), and whole body (41.82%, β = 0.00131). There was no direct effect of training volume on aBMD in upper limbs (CI -0.00085 to 0.00287). Conclusion: The association between training volume and aBMD is influenced by LST in different body segments, mainly upper limbs, demonstrating that interventions aiming to enhance aBMD should also consider LST as an important variable to be managed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influential role of lean soft tissue in the association between training volume and bone mineral density among male adolescent practitioners of impact-loading sports: ABCD Growth study

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“…( 21 ) Finally, given the recreational nature of soccer playing among participants of this study, their training volume was also higher, which is another factor associated with higher BMC and BMD. ( 22 )…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body composition, strength static and isokinetic, and bone health: comparative study between active adults and amateur soccer players

Tavares

Duarte

Werneck³

et al. 2019

Einstein (São Paulo)

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Objective: To compare tissue composition, total and regional bone mineral content and bone mineral density, static hand grip and knee joint isokinetic strength between amateur soccer players and Control Group. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Air displacement plethysmography was used to estimate body volume and, in turn, density. Body composition, bone mineral content and bone mineral density were assessed for the whole body and at standardized regions using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Static grip strength was assessed with an adjustable dynamometer, and peak torque derived from isokinetic strength dynamometer (concentric muscular knee actions at 60°/s). Magnitude of the differences between groups was examined using d-Cohen. Results: Compared to healthy active adults, soccer players showed larger values of whole body bone mineral content (+651g; d=1.60; p<0.01). In addition, differences between groups were large for whole body bone mineral density (d=1.20 to 1.90; p<0.01): lumbar spine, i.e . L1-L4 (+19.4%), upper limbs (+8.6%) and lower limbs (+16.8%). Soccer players attained larger mean values in strength test given by static hand grip protocol (+5.6kg, d=0.99; p<0.01). Conclusion: Soccer adequately regulates body composition and is associated better bone health parameters (bone mineral content and density at whole-body and at particular sites exposed to mechanical loadings).

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Bone accrual over 18 months of participation in different loading sports during adolescence

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The Impact of Training Load on Bone Mineral Density of Adolescent Swimmers: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Abstract: Training load had a negative relationship on bone density of swimmers of both sexes, independently of the positive effect of lean soft tissue on bone density.

Cited by 30 publications

References 42 publications

Influential role of lean soft tissue in the association between training volume and bone mineral density among male adolescent practitioners of impact-loading sports: ABCD Growth study

Influential role of lean soft tissue in the association between training volume and bone mineral density among male adolescent practitioners of impact-loading sports: ABCD Growth study

Body composition, strength static and isokinetic, and bone health: comparative study between active adults and amateur soccer players

Bone accrual over 18 months of participation in different loading sports during adolescence

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