The impact of type 2 immunity and allergic diseases in atherosclerosis

Abstract

Allergic diseases are allergen-induced immunological disorders characterized by the development of type 2 immunity and IgE responses. The prevalence of allergic diseases has been on the rise alike cardiovascular disease (CVD), which affects arteries of different organs such as the heart, the kidney and the brain. The underlying cause of CVD is often atherosclerosis, a disease distinguished by endothelial dysfunction, fibrofatty material accumulation in the intima of the artery wall, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and Th1 inflammation. The opposed T-cell identity of allergy and atherosclerosis implies an atheroprotective role for Th2 cells by counteracting Th1 responses. Yet, the clinical association between allergic disease and CVD argues against it. Within, we review different phases of allergic pathology, basic immunological mechanisms of atherosclerosis and the clinical association between allergic diseases (particularly asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and food allergy) and CVD. Then, we discuss atherogenic mechanisms of type 2 immunity and allergic inflammation including acute allergic reactions (IgE, IgG1, mast cells, macrophages and allergic mediators such as vasoactive components, growth factors and those derived from the complement, contact and coagulation systems) and late phase inflammation (Th2 cells, eosinophils, type 2 innate-like lymphoid cells, alarmins, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13 and IL-17).

Exploring genetic association of allergic disease with cardiovascular disease: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

“…Previous observational studies have drawn controversial conclusions. The presence of AD may be associated with an increased risk of CVD, including atrial brillation [5], atherosclerosis [4], heart attack[8], heart failure[8], hypertension [9,10], stroke[6], and others. Furthermore, the co-existence of allergic and CVD may increase the mortality of both diseases[6, 7].…”

“…Many epidemiology studies have concluded that the risk factors attributed to some cardiovascular diseases (CVD) include in ammatory and immune responses, which are the primary pathophysiological processes of AD [3,4]. As a part of immune dysfunction, AD have emerged as potential risk factors in the development of CVD [4][5][6][7][8][9][10].…”

“…Many epidemiology studies have concluded that the risk factors attributed to some cardiovascular diseases (CVD) include in ammatory and immune responses, which are the primary pathophysiological processes of AD [3,4]. As a part of immune dysfunction, AD have emerged as potential risk factors in the development of CVD [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Many experimental and observational studies have concluded accumulating evidence on the association between AD such as asthma [5][6][7], atopic dermatitis [5,8], rhinitis [5,9,10],…”

“…and CVD including atrial brillation [5], atherosclerosis [4], heart attack[8], heart failure[8], hypertension [9,10], stroke [6], coronary heart disease [11], and others. These studies came to controversial conclusions.…”

“…AD may be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. However, a decreased risk has been found in other studies [11].…”