The impact of vertical-axis rotations on shortening estimates

Palinspastic restoration of an exhumed deepwater system: A workflow to improve paleogeographic reconstructions

“…The accuracy of surfaces are restricted by the limited number of sections used to create them, and balanced sections carry an inherent uncertainty as multiple restorable models are possible (Judge and Allmendinger, 2011). In addition, it is difficult to account for translation, vertical-axis rotation, and strain in complex fold geometries such as non-cylindrical folds, leading to underestimation of shortening (Sussman et al 2012). In tectonic regimes similar to the Laingsburg area, where non-cylindrical folds display en-echelon relationships, restoration in …”

Spatial and temporal variation in penetrative strain during compression: Insights from analog models

“…All thrust sheets undergo a bulk translation, which can be approximated by reuniting hanging-wall and footwall cutoffs. All thrust sheets also undergo a verticalaxis rotation, which is most pronounced in regions of the thrust sheets where the transport direction is divergent (Kwon and Mitra, 2004;Sussman et al, 2012). Thus, in regions of divergent rather than uniform transport direction, neglecting vertical-axis rotation may introduce as much error into shortening estimates as neglecting penetrative strain.…”

“…Deformation of a thrust sheet can be described in terms of a bulk translation, a bulk rotation, and an amount of internal strain (e.g., Mitra, 1994;Yonkee and Weil, 2010;Sussman et al, 2012). An underestimate of any of these components leads to an underestimate of the total shortening.…”

Introduction: Palaeomagnetism in fold and thrust belts: new perspectives

“…), since such data account for the out-of-plane movements biasing classic approaches (e.g. McCaig & McClelland 1992;Pueyo et al 2004;Sussman et al 2012). In this sense, palaeomagnetic vectors, together with the bedding plane, are the only reliable 3-D reference frame to be used in 3-D restoration and validation techniques, since they are accurately known in both the deformed and undeformed stages.…”

“…In a similar way, the quantification of errors in shortening estimates deduced from restored and balanced sections in fold and thrust belts has been recently introduced (e.g. Pueyo et al 2004;Sussman et al 2012). Here, Ramón et al (2015a) propose a new 3-D restoration method that combines the use of palaeomagnetic data and a parametric approach for the definition and processing of the structural surfaces.…”