The impact of vinegar on pathogenic Acanthamoeba astronyxis isolate

Among various genera of free-living amoebae prevalent in nature, some members are identified as causative agents of human encephalitis, in which Naegleria fowleri followed by Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris have been successively discovered. As the three dominant genera responsible for infections, Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia work as opportunistic pathogens of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, whereas Naegleria induces primary amoebic meningoencephalitis mostly in healthy children and young adults as a more violent and deadly disease. Due to the lack of typical symptoms and laboratory findings, all these amoebic encephalitic diseases are difficult to diagnose. Considering that subsequent therapies are also affected, all these brain infections cause significant mortality worldwide, with more than 90% of the cases being fatal. Along with global warming and population explosion, expanding areas of human and amoebae activity in some regions lead to increased contact, resulting in more serious infections and drawing increased public attention. In this review, we summarize the present information of these pathogenic free-living amoebae, including their phylogeny, classification, biology, and ecology. The mechanisms of pathogenesis, immunology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, epidemiology, diagnosis, and therapies are also discussed.

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Various brain-eating amoebae: the protozoa, the pathogenesis, and the disease

Zhang

Cheng

2021

Front. Med.

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In vitro anti-Acanthamoeba activity of the commercial chitosan and nano-chitosan against pathogenic Acanthamoeba genotype T4

et al. 2021

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Overview of Covid-19; its prevention and management in the light of Unani medicine

Nikhat

Fazil

2020

Science of The Total Environment

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Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f ABSTRACT Since December 2019, a respiratory pandemic, named as Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19)caused by a new coronavirus named as SARS-CoV-2, has taken the world by storm. The symptoms are fever, malaise, and cough which resolve in a few days in most cases; but may progress to respiratory distress and organ failure. Transmission is through droplet infection or fomites, but other modes such as airborne transmission and oro-fecal transmission is also speculated. Research is underway to develop effective vaccines and medicines for the disease. In such a scenario, we present the measures described in Unani system of medicine for health protection during epidemics. Unani is a traditional system of medicine developed during the middle ages, which employs natural drugs of herbal, animal and mineral origin for treatment. In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms. Scientific researches on these drugs reveal the presence of a number of pharmacologically active substances, which may provide a new insight into the management of infections and epidemics. Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f ABBREVIATIONS

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The impact of vinegar on pathogenic Acanthamoeba astronyxis isolate

Cited by 5 publications

References 36 publications

Various brain-eating amoebae: the protozoa, the pathogenesis, and the disease

Various brain-eating amoebae: the protozoa, the pathogenesis, and the disease

In vitro anti-Acanthamoeba activity of the commercial chitosan and nano-chitosan against pathogenic Acanthamoeba genotype T4

Overview of Covid-19; its prevention and management in the light of Unani medicine

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