“…It is a non-invasive, low-cost, personalized, and most importantly, a physiologically natural way of gaining wellness. Mounting evidence indicates the positive effect of PE as a non-pharmacological approach to prevent cognitive decline in elderly populations [13][14][15][16]. Major mechanisms proposed to account for this effect are the following [17,18]: first, daily exercise helps maintain cerebral blood flow, which is indispensable for healthy brain function; second, it mitigates comorbidities (e.g., hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis), which can increase the risk of poor cerebral blood flow; third, it stimulates the expression of neurotrophic factors, such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) including FGF2; fourth, it promotes clearance of amyloid-beta via glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic systems [19,20]; and fifth, it suppresses activation of neurotoxic inflammatory molecules (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1beta) [21][22][23].…”