The Impact of WLTP on the Official Fuel Consumption and Electric Range of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Europe

Pavlovic, Jelica; Tansini, Alessandro; Fontaras, Georgios; Ciuffo, Biagio; Otura, Marcos; Trentadue, Germana; Suarez-Bertoa, Ricardo; Millo, Federico

doi:10.4271/2017-24-0133

Cited by 19 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…These improve the competitive positioning of EVs (see Figure 2). Recent initiatives in the EU have already helped to address some of the weaknesses of EVs, notably (i) the lack of harmonized standards and insufficient charging infrastructure, which remains a major concern for EV and other car drivers [43,44], through the EU directive for alternative fuels infrastructure and the investment subsidies for the deployment of recharging network along major European motorways [39] and (ii) the gap between real-life and certified electric range [45] through the new drive cycle, the worldwide harmonized light vehicles test procedure as mandated in the EU type approval procedure [34].…”

Section: How Can Electric Vehicles Become a Sustainable Success?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Will Electric Vehicles Be Killed (again) or Are They the Next Mobility Killer App?

2020

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Electric vehicles (EVs) have been around for more than a hundred years. Nevertheless, their deployment has not been a sustainable success up until now. Many scientists, engineers and policymakers argue that EVs are a promising, maybe even indispensable option to achieve ambitious decarbonization goals, if powered by electricity from renewable energy sources. At the moment, the EVs market is gaining a lot of momentum and we may be near the point of no return for a sustained mass market deployment of electric vehicles. Many papers exist that describe future prospects of EVs. In our commentary we try to provide a bigger picture view and look at market and societal aspects. We analyze why previous generations of EVs were not successful and how current electric vehicles could become a sustainable success. We perform a semi-quantitative Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) analysis and find that current electric vehicle designs are technologically on par with or better than conventional alternatives. Car buyers go electric when the economics make sense to them. We conclude that incentives are needed for electric vehicles until battery costs lower—as much as to allow EVs to become cheaper—from a total cost of ownership (TCO) perspective, than other alternatives. Other policy measures are needed to overcome remaining barriers, especially in supporting the setup and operation of publicly accessible recharging points to overcome range anxiety. EVs in isolation may not be the next mobility killer app. The real next mobility killer app may emerge as an autonomous shared EV in a world where the border between public and private transport will cease to exist. The findings of our commentary are relevant for scientists, policymakers and industry.

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Section: How Can Electric Vehicles Become a Sustainable Success?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Will Electric Vehicles Be Killed (again) or Are They the Next Mobility Killer App?

2020

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“…Figure 7b displays the results for CS mode, which is activated when the SoC drops below 20%. This mode was ran for an extended WLTC cycle, for 25 km, as it is the distance that is used to derive the official consumption and emissions in Europe [9][10][11][12]. It can be seen that the RE operated during limited periods with a constant power corresponding to the ECO setting.…”

Section: Driving Cycle Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding the CS results, a non-corrected consumption of 3.96 L/100 km was obtained, but according to the official procedure this value needs to be corrected because the final SoC was actually higher than the initial SoC [11]. This is because the RE has a constant power operation and therefore excess power is often produced, contributing to charging the vehicle.…”

Section: Driving Cycle Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The official fuel consumption is a weighted average between the CD and CS modes, with the weighting factor being the so-called "utility factor" (UF) [11]. The UF used in Europe is based on the driving statistics described by the SAE J2841 standard [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the electric ranges and electric consumptions recorded, a new, calculated battery capacity was derived (Capacity = consumption × range/100) and presented in Table 1. The European sale label consumption was derived from the procedure using the utility factor [11]. The value for the BMW I3 REx was outside of the utility factor curve and therefore was not calculated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development and Assessment of an Over-Expanded Engine to be Used as an Efficiency-Oriented Range Extender for Electric Vehicles

et al. 2020

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A range extender (RE) is a device used in electric vehicles (EVs) to generate electricity on-board, enabling them to significantly reduce the number of required batteries and/or extend the vehicle driving range to allow occasional long trips. In the present work, an efficiency-oriented RE based on a small motorcycle engine modified to the efficient over-expanded cycle, was analyzed, tested and simulated in a driving cycle. The RE was developed to have two points of operation, ECO: 3000 rpm, very high efficiency with only 15 kW; and BOOST: 7000 rpm with 35 kW. While the ECO strategy was a straightforward development for the over-expansion concept (less trapped air and a much higher compression ratio) the BOOST strategy was more complicated to implement and involved the need for throttle operation. Initially the concepts were evaluated in an in-house model and AVL Boost® (AVL List Gmbh, Graz, Austria), and proved feasible. Then, a BMW K75 engine was altered and tested on a brake dynamometer. The running engine proved the initial concept, by improving the efficiency for the ECO condition in almost 40% in relation to the stock engine and getting well over the required BOOST power, getting to 35 kW, while keeping an efficiency similar to the stock engine at the wide open throttle (WOT). In order to protect the engine during BOOST, the mixture was enriched, while at ECO the mixture was leaned to further improve efficiency. The fixed operation configuration allows the reduction, not only of complexity and cost of the RE, but also the set point optimization for the engine and generator. When integrated as a RE into a typical European light duty vehicle, it provided a breakthrough consumption reduction relatively to existing plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in the market in the charge sustaining mode. The very high efficiency of the power generation seems to compensate for the loss of efficiency due to the excess electricity production, which must be stored in the battery. The results indicate that indeed it is possible to have an efficient solution, in-line with the electric mobility sustainability paradigm, which can solve most of the shortcomings of current EVs, notably those associated with batteries (range, cost and charging time) in a sustainable way.

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Influence of vehicle and battery ageing and driving modes on emissions and efficiency in Plug-in hybrid vehicles

Pavlovic,

Tansini,

Suarez

et al. 2024

Energy Conversion and Management: X

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The Impact of WLTP on the Official Fuel Consumption and Electric Range of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Europe

Cited by 19 publications

References 5 publications

Will Electric Vehicles Be Killed (again) or Are They the Next Mobility Killer App?

Will Electric Vehicles Be Killed (again) or Are They the Next Mobility Killer App?

Development and Assessment of an Over-Expanded Engine to be Used as an Efficiency-Oriented Range Extender for Electric Vehicles

Influence of vehicle and battery ageing and driving modes on emissions and efficiency in Plug-in hybrid vehicles

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