The impact of work-family policies on women's employment: a review of research from OECD countries

Hegewisch, Ariane; Gornick, Janet C.

doi:10.1080/13668803.2011.571395

Cited by 319 publications

(267 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Social arrangements-for example, relating to hours, working conditions, family leaves, childcare, worker protection, and taxation-regulate individual behavior and reproduce normative models of work and family (Buchmann and Charles 1995;Gornick and Meyers 2003;Thébaud 2015;Ecklund and Lincoln 2016). Social democratic policy regimes, which offer greater support to working parents, tend to promote more egalitarian family structures and higher rates of women's full-time employment (Charles and Cech 2010;Pedulla and Thébaud 2015;Hegewisch and Gornick 2011), but they are at best weakly related to gender segregation in STEM-as evidenced in the highly segregated scientific and technical labor forces found in policy-progressive Scandinavian countries (Charles and Bradley 2006;Charles 2011a).…”

Section: Macro-level Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Segregation, Stereotypes, and STEM

2018

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Scientific, technical, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) occupations are strongholds of gender segregation in the contemporary United States. While many Americans regard this segregation as natural and inevitable, closer examination reveals a great deal of variability in the gendering of STEM fields across time, space, and demographic groups. This article assesses how different theoretical accounts accord with the available evidence on the gender composition of scientific and technical fields. We find most support for accounts that allow for a dynamic interplay between individual-level traits and the broader sociocultural environments in which they develop. The existing evidence suggests, in particular, that Western cultural stereotypes about the nature of STEM work and STEM workers and about the intrinsic qualities of men and women can be powerful drivers of individual aptitudes, aspirations, and affinities. We offer an illustrative catalog of stereotypes that support women's STEM-avoidance and men's STEM-affinity, and we conclude with some thoughts on policy implications.Keywords: gender; STEM; segregation; stereotypes; culture; work; occupations; science; inequality For more than three decades, American educators, policy makers, activists, and business leaders have engaged in research and policy initiatives to increase the presence of women and other underrepresented groups in scientific, technical, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) occupations and fields of study. These efforts have been motivated by interests in broadening opportunities in lucrative, high-status occupations and in ameliorating acute STEM labor shortages that are believed to threaten national prosperity, private profits and the public welfare.Despite wide-ranging research and policy efforts, STEM occupations remain strongholds of gender segregation in the contemporary United States. Women made up nearly half of the US labor market in 2015, but only 28% of all scientific and technical workers. Within STEM, gender segregation is also very strong, with women comprising 48% of life scientists and 60% of social scientists, but only 28% of physical scientists and 15% of engineers (NSF 2018, Appendices 3-12). 1 While some fields have integrated over time, others have become more segregated. Women's share of US bachelor's degrees in computer science, for instance, declined from 28% to 18% between (NSF 2018.While many Americans understand men's dominance of scientific and technical work as natural and universal, the gender typing of STEM fields varies a great deal across space, time, and socio-demographic groups. Recent comparative studies have shown that scientific degree recipients are disproportionately female in Iran, Saudi Arabia, Romania, and Georgia, for example, and that the gender gap in children's STEM aspirations is larger in more affluent societies (Charles 2011a(Charles , 2017 1 Even within engineering women and men tend to do different work: about 10% of mechanical and electrical engineers are women, compared to 20...

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Section: Macro-level Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Segregation, Stereotypes, and STEM

2018

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“…15 Vjerojatnije je da će duge dopuste koristiti majke nižeg obrazovnog statusa ili migrantice što dovodi do klasnih razlika, a koje su još uvijek nedovoljno istražene kada govorimo o učincima pojedinih mjera obiteljske politike (Hegewish i Gornick, 2011.). 16 Zanimljivo je istaknuti i da dok dopust u trajanju od 40 tjedana sa sobom nosi negativan utjecaj na visinu plaće (pad od oko 3%), takav efekt nije nađen kod dopusta u trajanju od 20 tjedana, koji pak nešto manje povećavaju stope zaposlenosti (za oko 3 do 4%).…”

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Politike usklađivanja obiteljskih obaveza i plaćenog rada i položaj roditelja na tržištu rada

Dobrotić¹

2015

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“…According to Hegewisch & Gornick (2011), this inverse effect is more substantial for less educated mothers as compared to mothers with higher levels of education.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do child care subsidies increase the labour force participation of women in Australia?

Andrews¹,

Neopanay²,

Yaddehige³

et al. 2014

Deakin P Int Bus Econ

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We hypothesise that child care subsidies increase the labour force participation of women within Australia. Our alternative hypothesis is that child care subsidies do not increase the labour force participation of women in Australia. This research pulls data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the Organisation for Economic Co-operations, Development and the Productivity Commission and Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR). Based on the regression analysis performed, we found that there was a notable positive relationship between the labour force participation rates of Australian females and child care subsidies by the Australian government. Nevertheless, it's relevant to highlight that our data could be impacted by other considerations such as taxation changes coming out of the government and the apparent positive relationship between female employment and education over time. DPIBE, Dec 2014 Child care subsidies 42

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The impact of work-family policies on women's employment: a review of research from OECD countries

Cited by 319 publications

References 41 publications

Segregation, Stereotypes, and STEM

Segregation, Stereotypes, and STEM

Politike usklađivanja obiteljskih obaveza i plaćenog rada i položaj roditelja na tržištu rada

Do child care subsidies increase the labour force participation of women in Australia?

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