The impacts of caffeine administration, expectancies, and related stimuli on coffee craving, withdrawal, and self-administration

Shephard, Aaron; Barrett, Sean P.

doi:10.1177/02698811211032447

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Most energy drinks contain approximately 80-350 mg of caffeine per serving. In comparison a standard cup of coffee contains about 100 mg of caffeine [34]. Long-term excessive consumption of energy drinks, coffee, and related products can have harmful effects on health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in health-related lifestyle choices of university students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: Associations between food choices, physical activity and health

Jakobsdottir,

Stefansdottir,

Gestsdottir

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound effect on our lives and society, influencing both individuals’ lifestyles and habits. Recent research shows that anxiety and loneliness have continued to rise, along with changes in food and lifestyle choices. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the pandemic influenced food choices and consumption of energy drinks, alcohol, fruits, and vegetables among first-year university students. Additionally, assessing the relationship between mental and physical health, physical activity, and food choices. A total of 128 male and 128 female first-year students at the University of Iceland were invited to answer an electronic questionnaire in January and early February 2021. A total of 118 students (54% men) participated in the study and valid answers were 115 (46% participation rate). Almost half of the students (44%) experienced that their food choices had worsened, while 14% reported an improvement, compared to before the pandemic. Consumption of caffeinated beverages increased for 26% of students, while 19% experienced a decrease. Just over half of the students reported not drinking alcohol (13%) or reduced consumption (41%). Participants who reported that their mental health had deteriorated or remained the same tended to spend less time on physical activity and experienced worsened food choices (p<0.05). Similarly, those who spent less or the same time on physical activity estimated that their food choices had deteriorated (p<0.05). The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the lifestyles of university students and this study has revealed how lifestyle choices and mental health seem to be highly affected by one another. Additionally, the potentially harmful effects of excessive intake of energy drinks need to be enhanced. Interestingly, about 40% of the respondents in the current study drank less alcohol during the pandemic than prior to the pandemic, indicating a strong relationship between alcohol drinking and social gatherings. This study reveals the importance of educating young people on healthy lifestyle choices and the importance of mental health needs to be emphasised.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in health-related lifestyle choices of university students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: Associations between food choices, physical activity and health

Jakobsdottir,

Stefansdottir,

Gestsdottir

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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show abstract

“…Yet, despite first being theorised over 70 years ago, by comparison relatively little research has been conducted among people with drug dependence into how their beliefs about having consumed or abstained from the drug they are dependent on affect their withdrawal symptoms. The few studies that have indicate that when abstinent participants believe they have taken an active drug, they report reduced withdrawal symptoms, independently of whether they received the drug or placebo, for example with acamprosate (Colagiuri et al, 2009) and diazepam (Francis & Nelson, 1984 ) for alcohol withdrawal; nicotine gum (Gottlieb et al, 1987) and nicotine inhalers (Darredeau & Barrett, 2010) for nicotine withdrawal; and caffeine gum (Shephard & Barrett, 2022) and decaffeinated coffee (Rubin & Smith, 1999; Smith, 1996) for caffeine withdrawal. This suggests that placebos are capable of reducing withdrawal symptoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction in caffeine withdrawal after open-label decaffeinated coffee

et al. 2023

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Background: Withdrawal from addictive drugs can be reduced by administering placebo deceptively, but in the clinic it is unethical to deceive the patient. Open-label placebo effects have been observed across a range of psychophysiological phenomena, and may also apply to drug withdrawal. Method: 24-hour abstinent heavy coffee drinkers ( N = 61) rated their caffeine withdrawal symptoms before being allocated to one of three groups. The Deceptive group was given decaffeinated coffee (decaf) and told it was caffeinated, the Open-Label group given decaf and told it was decaf and the Control group given water and told it was water. After 45 min, caffeine withdrawal was measured again. All participants rated their expectancies of withdrawal reduction from caffeinated coffee, decaf and water prior to being randomised and the end of the study. Results: There was a significant 9.5-point reduction in caffeine withdrawal in the Open-Label group (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.7, 14.3; p = 0.002), which was 8.6 points less than the Deceptive group (95%CI: 0.4, 16.8; p = 0.014) but 8.9 points greater than the Control group (95%CI: 0.6, 17.2; p = 0.012). Pre-randomisation, participants expected caffeinated coffee to reduce their withdrawal symptoms the most, followed by water and decaf, Pre-randomisation expectancy of withdrawal was only associated with amount of withdrawal reduction in the Deceptive group. Conclusion: It appears as if open-label placebo caffeine (i.e. decaf) can reduce caffeine withdrawal symptoms, even when people do not hold a conscious expectancy it will do so. There may be ways to integrate open-label placebo procedures into clinical interventions for drug dependence without violating informed consent.

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“…Moving to a non-psychedelic agent, Shephard and Barrett (2022) investigated the reinforcing properties of caffeine by examining the impact of caffeine administration and expectancy on coffee-related craving, withdrawal and cue reactivity. The authors found that while coffee-related cues increased subjective craving and heart rate, belief of caffeine administration did not significantly cue reactivity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yet, it never seems opportunistic to be reminded that among this exponential growth in the knowledge base around psychedelics, lies a delicate field that would benefit from a gentle pace of march. The contribution by Shephard and Barrett (2022) related to caffeine, one of the oldest drugs known to humanity, is a useful reminder that advancements in the psychedelic field will continue in the years to come. A message not meant to discourage faster access to promising treatments, but rather to encourage interest in the development of better treatments.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%