“…It is easy to find studies on factors that directly affect profitability such as financial leverage, solvency, liquidity, firm size, capital structure and working capital management (Chamberlain, 1962;DeAngelo & Masulis, 1980;Bradley, Jarrell, & Kim, 1984;Capon, Farley, & Hoenig, 1990;Miao, 2005;Huang & Song, 2006;Aburime, 2009;Anbar & Alper, 2011;Fareed, Ali, Shahzad, Nazir, & Ullah, 2016;Muhammad, Rehman, & Waqas, 2016;Szymańska, 2017;Grau, & Reig, 2018;Blažková, 2018;Yüksel, Mukhtarov, Mammadov, & Özsarı, 2018;Qayyum & Noreen, 2019;Vu, Do, Dang, & Nguyen, 2019;Zheng, Liu, & Huang, 2019;Nguyen & Nguyen, 2020) or external factors influencing profitability such as market concentration, industry growth, import growth, GDP growth, inflation, and profitability. yield and profit on financial markets (Bei & Wijewardana, 2012;Pattitoni, Petracci & Spisni, 2014;Çelik, Bilen, & Bilen, 2016;Jędrzejczak-Gas, 2017;Grau & Reig, 2018;Soukhakian & Khodakarami, 2019).…”