The impacts of household social benefits, public expenditure on labour markets, and household financial assets on the renewable energy sector

Labor Off-Farm Employment and Farmers’ Cooking Clean Energy Use: Evidence from Rural China

“…In terms of the results of Model 6, for every 1% increase in LOE, the probability of farmers using CCE increased by an average of 1.091%, and hypothesis H1 was verified. This shows that labor transfer is conducive to the transformation of the energy consumption pattern, increased household energy consumption expenditure, and affected the choice of clean energy for household cooking [25]. Additionally, in line with the study of Ma et al [46], they found that labor off-farm employment can significantly promote the use of clean energy for cooking by farm households.…”

“…However, for some mountain villages, especially those far from cities, the energy infrastructure is still not perfect. As a result, rural households farther from cities may consume more traditional fuels than clean energy sources, such as natural gas, for cooking [25]. It can be seen from the results that, for farmers living in plain and mountain villages, LOE is positively and significantly associated with the use of CCE, yet for farmers living in hilly villages, LOE is inversely related to the use of household CCE, and the correlation coefficient is not significant.…”

“…As Model 1 shows, the annual per capita cash income plays a partial intermediary effect between LOE and CCE use; this shows that, with the improvement of the per capita annual cash income, the utilization rate of CCE will also increase accordingly, which confirms the hypothesis of H2a. This suggests that off-farm work can raise the income level of rural households and thus increase the affordability of clean energy consumption for cooking [25]. A possible reason is that the higher the income of LOE indicates that the household economy being better will prompt the choice of cleaner energy for household cooking [40].…”

“…Among the available studies, there are more studies on clean energy for farmers' cooking in the academic community. First, basic household characteristics, including household size, age, gender, and education level, etc., have been proven to have significant impacts on the energy consumption needs and choices of farmers [22][23][24][25][26][27][28], followed by household economic characteristics, particularly household income. For example, some studies found that household income can significantly promote the conversion of household cooking energy [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36].…”

Revisiting the environmental impact of financial development on economic growth and carbon emissions: evidence from South Asian economies

“…Countries with many skilled labour resources expand faster than those with many low-skilled workforces. Several studies have been conducted to explain the positive association between labour force participation and economic growth (Ziaei, 2022 ; Gouzoulis, 2022 ). However, a few studies concluded that a negative relationship between the labour force and economic growth and labour becomes a cause of environmental degradation (Alsamara, 2022 ).…”