“…In general, market order is used as proxy for liquidity consumption, while limit order is regarded as proxy for liquidity provision (Kelley & Tetlock, 2013). Another branch of research defines liquidity-supplying (liquiditydemanding) as buys when prices are falling (rising) and sells when prices are rising (falling), regardless of how the orders are placed (Chae, Khil, & Lee, 2013;Chou, Wang, & Wang, 2015;Fishe & Smith, 2012;Kaniel et al, 2008Kaniel et al, , 2012etc.). Accordingly, the method developed by Lee and Ready (1991) determines the initiator (i.e., liquidity demander) of a trade by comparing the price of the trade to the prevailing quote midpoint.…”