The Impacts of Social Movements on the Political Process: The Civil Rights Movement and Black Electoral Politics in Mississippi

Are We There Yet? The Voting Rights Act and Black Representation on City Councils, 1981–2006

“…Research by McAdam (1982) finds that activities of black churches, historically black colleges (HBCUs), and the NAACP created communication networks and developed leaders that ultimately led to a ''campaign for change.' ' Andrews (1997) examined how the presence and size of Freedom Summer volunteers and NAACP members in the mid-1960s impacted black electoral politics in Mississippi between 1967 and 1984. He finds a positive and significant relationship between these ''social movement'' indicators and both number of black candidates and number of black elected officials at the county level and concludes from this that the development and continued presence of resistance organizations post-1965 were important for creating the electoral infrastructure that led to black empowerment at the local level.…”

Youth movements in the Egyptian transformation: strategies and repertoires of political participation

“…In this respect, the analysis focuses on short-term outcomes as well as on possible long-term consequences of the movements' actions and strategies (Andrews, 1997). In this context, it is argued, certain sets of resources that can be effectively employed in one particular socio-political context are likely to have less impact in another, and strategies that work in a given context may be entirely ineffective in other political settings (Giugni, 1998).…”

The hidden help : black domestic workers in the civil rights movement.

“…This is a rare combination of circumstances, thus social movements are difficult to organize and sustain. Movements often help those who are outside the mainstream to gain a hearing from the public and political decision makers (Andrews, 1997;.…”