“…Hence, asset return, asset volatility, default threshold, and incomplete accounting information all contribute to the essence of corporate credit risk.3 We focus on addressing the effects of RM variations, but still empirically examining the effects of both RM levels and RM variations on the credit risk in Section 5 Gunny (2010). suggests RM is associated with better performance, while other studies reach the opposite conclusions(Cohen & Zarowin, 2010;Gunny, 2005;Gupta, Pevzner, & Seethamraju, 2010;Leggett et al, 2009;Roychowdhury, 2006). Therefore, we hypothesise that the RM levels affect the operating performance, which influences the credit risk, but the direction is either positive or negative, depending on the costs of RM and the incentives to manage earnings.…”