The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a Measure of Self-Forgiveness: The Impact of a Training History in Clinical Behavior Analysis

Bast, Diana Ferroni; Linares, Ila Marques Porto; Gomes, Cainã T.; Kovac, Roberta; Barnes‐Holmes, Dermot

doi:10.1007/s40732-016-0162-7

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…As the main variable of interest in this study was the implicit attitudes of HCPs, it was deemed appropriate to order the implicit attitudes measures before the explicit attitudes measures so that participants' first encounter with stimuli relating to the legitimacy or illegitimacy of FND occurred during the IAT. This follows a precedent set in the literature that implicit measures precede explicit measures of attitudes (Bast et al, 2016; Farrell & McHugh, 2020). Existing implicit attitudes research suggests that order effects have minimal influence on outcomes in the context of implicit attitudes research (Nosek et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Clinicians' implicit and explicit attitudes about the legitimacy of functional neurological disorders correlate with referral decisions

Begley

Farrell

Lyttle

et al. 2023

British J Health Psychol

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Objectives: Uncertainty regarding the legitimacy of functional neurological disorder (FND) remains among some health care professionals. Despite treatment guidelines and consensus recommendations, variability in clinical practice referral decisions persists. Evidence from other conditions suggests such clinical decision making is impacted by practitioners' implicit and explicit attitudes. We aimed to identify whether health care professionals hold implicit and/or explicit attitudes about the legitimacy of FND and whether these attitudes are associated with referral decision making. Design/Methods: We included 66 health care professionals who work with people with neurological conditions: n = 37 medical doctors, mainly neurologists (n = 18) and psychiatrists (n = 10), and n = 29 doctoral level practitioner psychologists. Participants completed an Implicit Association Test (IAT), Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP), a referral decision-making vignette task and self-report measures of explicit attitudes on FND-legitimacy, therapeutic optimism and clinician confidence. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) was used as a comparator condition. Results: Participants self-reported strong explicit FND-legitimate and MS-legitimate attitudes but demonstrated an implicit FND-illegitimate/MS-legitimate bias. Deeper examination provided by the IRAP data indicated pro-FND-legitimate attitudes, but no bias for or against FND-illegitimate-contrasting the pro-MS-legitimate, anti-MS-illegitimate attitudes for the comparator condition. Attitudes about FND-illegitimacy were negatively associated

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Clinicians' implicit and explicit attitudes about the legitimacy of functional neurological disorders correlate with referral decisions

Begley

Farrell

Lyttle

et al. 2023

British J Health Psychol

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“…Studies using IRAP to target participant variables not related to an out-group were excluded. Examples are self-forgiveness, perspective taking, relative preferences, or self-esteem (Bast et al, 2016; Kavanagh et al, 2019; Power et al, 2009; Timko et al, 2010). Multiple studies have used the IRAP to evaluate specific categories of implicit biases (e.g., race, gender, and religion) held by a participant group toward an out-group (Cartwright et al, 2017; Drake et al, 2015; Drake, Primeaux, & Thomas, 2018; Farrell & McHugh, 2017; Hughes et al, 2017; Power et al, 2017a, 2017b; Power et al, 2009; Scheel et al, 2013).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of the Use of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) to Assess Implicit Biases Held by Professionals Toward Client Populations

Sereno

Quigley

Smith

2021

Research on Social Work Practice

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Implicit biases held by professionals, functioning outside conscious awareness, can negatively affect client outcomes and professional well-being. Purpose: This systematic review evaluated evidence in the literature of Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) utility for assessing implicit biases held by professionals toward client populations. Method: Included studies were those published 2000 through 2020 using IRAP to measure implicit biases in professionals toward consumers. Results: Eight studies met inclusion criteria, with two meeting borderline requirements. Results support IRAP reliability and validity for identifying implicit biases. Variation presents across studies in reporting and analysis of IRAP effects. Discussion: Convergence and divergence between implicit and explicit measures are discussed in terms of relational responding. Results are limited by the relative paucity of studies meeting inclusion criteria and by inconsistencies in data reporting and analysis. Methods for selecting IRAP stimuli are discussed, with a call for a more function-driven approach. Standardization of IRAP methodology is recommended to facilitate extension.

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“…Embora tais instrumentos sejam úteis e convenientes especialmente para pesquisas com grandes amostras (Expósito et al, 2015;Nolan et al, 2013), eles podem estar sujeitos a algumas limitações. Afirma-se, por exemplo, que alguns participantes podem omitir sua verdadeira opinião acerca de um tema controverso caso estejam cientes de que essa opinião possa ser considerada como socialmente indesejável (Barnes-Holmes et al, 2006;Bast et al, 2016;Dawson et al, 2009;Nolan et al, 2013;Power et al, 2009;Rabelo et al, 2014). Ou seja, diante de questionários ou outras medidas explícitas, os participantes podem não estar dispostos a expressar acuradamente seus julgamentos.…”

unclassified

“…Além disso, também é preciso considerar a possibilidade de eles não terem consciência de vieses implícitos que influenciam seus comportamentos (Cullen & Barnes-Holmes, 2008). Por esses motivos, a validade dos resultados obtidos a partir de pesquisas que utilizaram os referidos métodos tradicionais é muitas vezes questionada (Bast et al, 2016;Drake et al, 2010;Jellison et al, 2004;Murphy et al, 2014;Power et al, 2009;Rabelo et al, 2014;Rönspies et al, 2015;Snowden et al, 2008).…”

unclassified

Comparação entre medidas implícitas e explícitas na avaliação de casais homoafetivos e heteroafetivos

Teixeira¹,

Almeida²,

Bortoloti³

et al. 2021

perspectivas

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Devido às possíveis limitações relacionadas ao uso de medidas explícitas em pesquisas envolvendo questões socialmente sensíveis, o uso de medidas implícitas tem se tornado uma prática recorrente em diversas áreas do conhecimento. Nesse contexto, tornam-se necessários experimentos que comparem os resultados gerados por cada tipo de medida. O objetivo do presente experimento foi exatamente comparar medidas explícitas e implícitas sobre a avaliação de imagens de casais hétero e homoafetivos em participantes autodeclarados hétero e homossexuais. Para a obtenção da medida explícita, os participantes avaliaram as referidas imagens por meio de uma escala Likert de cinco pontos. Para a obtenção da medida implícita, eles realizaram uma tarefa utilizando o Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). De maneira geral, os resultados do IRAP demonstraram que participantes heterossexuais apresentaram um viés comportamental positivo tanto para fotos de casais heteroafetivos quanto para fotos de casais homoafetivos. Participantes homossexuais, por sua vez, apresentaram um viés comportamental positivo para fotos de casais homoafetivos e foram neutros com relação a fotos de casais heteroafetivos. Por meio da análise dos resultados foi possível observar que as medidas implícitas e explícitas deferiram principalmente para os participantes autodeclarados homossexuais. Tais resultados são discutidos a luz de Teoria das Molduras Relacionais e das possíveis diferenças existentes na história de reforçamento que participantes desses diferentes grupos são expostos.

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The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a Measure of Self-Forgiveness: The Impact of a Training History in Clinical Behavior Analysis

Cited by 9 publications

References 25 publications

Clinicians' implicit and explicit attitudes about the legitimacy of functional neurological disorders correlate with referral decisions

Clinicians' implicit and explicit attitudes about the legitimacy of functional neurological disorders correlate with referral decisions

A Systematic Review of the Use of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) to Assess Implicit Biases Held by Professionals Toward Client Populations

Comparação entre medidas implícitas e explícitas na avaliação de casais homoafetivos e heteroafetivos

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