The importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular response against oxidative/nitrosative stress: current state

Abstract

Remarkable interest has risen in the idea that oxidative/nitrosative stress is mediated in the etiology of numerous human diseases. Oxidative/Nitrosative stress is the result of an disequilibrium in oxidant/antioxidant which reveals from continuous increase of Reactive Oxygen and Reactive Nitrogen Species production. The aim of this review is to emphasize with current information the importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular responce against oxidative/nitrosative stress, which would be helpful in enhancing the knowledge of any biochemist, pathophysiologist, or medical personnel regarding this important issue. Products of lipid peroxidation have commonly been used as biomarkers of oxidative/nitrosative stress damage. Lipid peroxidation generates a variety of relatively stable decomposition end products, mainly α, β-unsaturated reactive aldehydes, such as malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, 2-propenal (acrolein) and isoprostanes, which can be measured in plasma and urine as an indirect index of oxidative/nitrosative stress. Antioxidants are exogenous or endogenous molecules that mitigate any form of oxidative/nitrosative stress or its consequences. They may act from directly scavenging free radicals to increasing antioxidative defences. Antioxidant deficiencies can develop as a result of decreased antioxidant intake, synthesis of endogenous enzymes or increased antioxidant utilization. Antioxidant supplementation has become an increasingly popular practice to maintain optimal body function. However, antoxidants exhibit pro-oxidant activity depending on the specific set of conditions. Of particular importance are their dosage and redox conditions in the cell.

Antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects of the monocarbonyl curcumin analogs B2BRBC and C66 in monocrotaline‐induced right ventricular hypertrophy

“…Similar to other antioxidants B2BrBC and C66 treatment did not prevent RV hypertrophy (Table ) and this might be related to a weak effect of the applied dosages on pulmonary arterial function . Increased ROS are associated with proinflammatory and profibrotic events in the pressure‐overloaded myocardium and also induce antioxidant enzymes by direct activation of transcription factors . These mechanisms could be responsible for the observed changes in the RV of the MCT group in our study (Figure ).…”

“…Additionally, C66 has been shown to have beneficial effects in diabetes‐related cardiomyopathy through its anti‐inflammatory action, and another curcumin analog called Y20, with one Br atom replacing one of the C66s trifluoromethyl groups has been shown to inhibit myocardial histopathology and inflammation by preventing nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) activation . Considering that NF‐kB activation is stimulated by pro‐oxidative cell status and its implication in regulation of various physiological processes and inflammatory responses following pressure overload, we are on the opinion that some of the beneficial effects observed in hypertrophied RV in this study are probably due to the influence of B2BrBC and C66 treatment on the NF‐κB pathway.…”

Formation and processing of DNA damage substrates for the hNEIL enzymes

“…In general, production of ROS in cells is a rare event, tightly controlled by a number of mechanisms, for example, the enzymes SOD and catalase as well as small-molecule antioxidants. The latter reductants include glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate (Asc) for deactivation of ROS to protect cells [54]. The oxidations of G described next focus on the roles that Asc or the GSH mimic N -acetylcysteine (NAC) provide in defining the observed oxidation products.…”

Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Potential in the Leaf Extract of Annona Muricata

“…The antioxidants can be endogenous or exogenous in origin. There is an inverse relationship between dietary intake of antioxidant rich foods and incidence of human diseases [2] . Annona muricata L. commonly known as graviola or soursop belongs to the family Annonaceae.…”