The Importance of Ethnicity: Developing a Measure of Minority Ethnic Value and Value-Expressive Behavior Among Chinese Ethnic Minorities

Abstract

In this study we developed the Chinese Minority Ethnic Value Questionnaire (CMEVQ) and the Chinese Minority Ethnic Value-Expressive Behavior Questionnaire (CMEVEBQ) to assess the importance of ethnicity from the standpoint of diverse ethnic values and behavioral manifestations. Drawing on self-construal theory, social identity theory, and value theory, we conducted a review of literature, in-depth interviews, semi-structured questionnaires, and expert reviews. A total of 18 items for the CMEVQ and CMEVEBQ were developed. Data were collected from three samples of Chinese ethnic minorities (mainly college students). We generated two sets of item pools from the pilot sample (n = 438). Then we examined the dimensions and final items of the CMEVQ and CMEVEBQ using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with sample 1 (n = 665). After that, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to recheck the factor structure of two refined, mutually matched, yet independent scales obtained from Study 1 with sample 2 (n = 1309); meanwhile criterion-related, K-means cluster, t-tests, and multiple regression analyses were used to test the validity of and relationship between the CMEVQ and CMEVEBQ. Results showed that the multidimensional constructs with six shared first-order factors (Minority Ethnic Consciousness, Exploration, Involvement, Alienation, Inheritance, and Mastery) demonstrated a better fit for the data and supported the conceptual framework. Both questionnaires demonstrated adequate internal consistency reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and ecological validity. That is, as practical, psychometrically sound measures, the CMEVQ and CMEVEBQ can be used to measure the importance of ethnicity for Chinese ethnic minorities. They also extend the content and sample fields of value research.

Manifestation of Ethnicity and Values: the Case Study From the Eastern Latvia

“…The research also proves that the relationship between ethnic values and behavior among the believers as more pronounced than among atheists (Yang, Liang, Quan, Jiang, Yu, Zheng, 2019), as well as indicate to the influence of religion on ethnic values (Winaja, Prabawa, & Pertiwi, 2019;Devos, Spimi, & Schwartc, 2002). In psychology, there are two approaches towards the study of values.…”

“…For example, representatives of ethnic groups may be motivated to participate in their own ethnic festivals as quidded by values of their ethnic engagement, ethnic awareness and/or ethnic heritage. Moreover, some ethnic behaviors express ethnic values more than other values (Jugert, Titzmann, 2020;Yang, Liang, Quan, Jiang, Yu, Zheng, 2019). The variability of behavior can be explained by the degree of generalization of values.…”

Commitment to Sustainable Development and the Role of National Culture

“…However, cultural attitudes and values are not the same in all environments, and the fundamental difference in attitudes and values between different cultural institutions forces them to behave differently. It is important to emphasize the importance of the cultural dimension in achieving sustainability goals, as their understanding and ability to adapt flexibly can help them adapt to local policymaking (Yang et al, 2019). Culture Action Europe (CAE) calls on the EU institutions to integrate culture across all policy domains relevant to implementing the 17 SDGs to achieve a longlasting impact throughout the 2030 Agenda (Culture Actione Europe, 2022).…”

“…However, in the scientific literature, authors differ the differences in national culture because of ethnicity, religion, languages, gender, and age (see Table 1). (Desmet et al, 2017;Khan & Panarina, 2017;Pereira Sartori Falguera et al, 2021;Yang et al, 2019;Zhukov & Zhukova, 2016) (Webber et al, 2013) Religion (Abdulla, 2018;Díez-Esteban et al, 2019;Mättö & Niskanen, 2019;Osewska et al, 2022;Storm, 2013) Languages (Braslauskas, 2021;Kavakli, 2021;Kuo & Lai, 2006;Modebadze, 2013;Sari et al, 2020;Villegas-Torres & Mora-Pablo, 2018;Zhan, 2016) Gender (Ahn & Cunningham, 2017;Francoeur et al, 2012;Giuliano, 2020;Parham et al, 2015;Pereira Sartori Falguera et al, 2021) Age (Hofstede, 2012;Kummer et al, 2012;Ortiz-marcos, 2022;Perry & Parlamis, 2006) The literature reveals that 83 per cent of all mergers and acquisitions did not benefit shareholders, and over 50 per cent destroyed organizational values. Managing cultural differences is a consequence of crises between managers, employees, and managers from different countries of origin (Gjuraj, 2013).…”

Ethnic disparities in stillbirth risk in Yunnan, China: a prospective cohort study, 2010-2018

“…Like many other countries [13][14][15], ethnic minorities in China face similar disadvantaged social environments including living in remote areas far from cities, having lower levels of education, lower incomes, and lower utilization of medical care compared to the majority population [17,18], all of which are known risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes including stillbirth [7,12]. Other recognized or potential but unknown factors associated with stillbirth may also differ in distributions among different ethnic groups [19]. Thus, the ethnic disparity in stillbirth risk may be due to the fact that different levels of these factors are distributed in different proportions in different populations.…”