The Importance of Measuring SARS-CoV-2-Specific T-Cell Responses in an Ongoing Pandemic

Petrone, Linda; Sette, Alessandro; Vries, Rory D. de; Goletti, Delia

doi:10.3390/pathogens12070862

Cited by 22 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…The dominance of HLA-positive CD4 lymphocytes in Group 1 aligns with prior studies, 17 , 18 suggesting prolonged circulation in the bloodstream, indicative of a sustained activated cellular state post-COVID-19. This potentially enhanced cellular immune response echoes findings from contemporary research into post-viral immune responses.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Immune response variation in mild and severe COVID-19 patients

Stroz,

Kosiorek,

Zbroch

et al. 2024

Qatar Medical Journal

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Sixty patients with COVID-19 infection were categorized into mild and severe groups, and their immune response was analyzed using flow cytometry and complete blood count. An observed increase in immune activation parameters, notably a higher percentage of CD4 lymphocytes co-expressing CD69 and CD25 molecules, and enhanced activity of the macrophage-monocyte cell line was noted in the mild group. Although Group 2 (severe COVID) had fewer CD4 cells, significant migration and proliferation were evident, with increased CD4CD69, CD8 HLA-DR+, and CD8CD69 lymphocytes. The CD4 to CD8 ratio in Group 1 suggested potential autoimmune reactions, while Group 2 indicated potential immunosuppression from severe infection and employing immunosuppressive drugs. Additionally, Group 2 exhibited an increased neutrophil count, hinting at possible bacterial co-infection. Group 1 showed differences in CD4RO and CD8RA lymphocyte populations, implying that cellular immunity plays a role in developing efficient postinfectious immunity. This intimation suggests that vaccination might mitigate the severity of the coronavirus infection and prevent complications, including long-term COVID-19.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Immune response variation in mild and severe COVID-19 patients

Stroz,

Kosiorek,

Zbroch

et al. 2024

Qatar Medical Journal

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“…While antibody responses have been the primary clinical marker to prevent infection, T-cell responses also play a valuable role in controlling infection. Overall, the data suggest that neutralizing antibodies, CD4 T cells, and CD8 T cells work together in controlling COVID-19, and a deficiency in any one of the three immune measures is a risk factor for severe outcomes ( 20 – 23 ).…”

Section: Impact Of Covid-19 On People With Immunocompromised Statusmentioning

confidence: 92%

Protecting the vulnerable: addressing the COVID-19 care needs of people with compromised immunity

Razonable

2024

Front. Immunol.

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While the general population regained a certain level of normalcy with the end of the global health emergency, the risk of contracting COVID-19 with a severe outcome is still a major concern for people with compromised immunity. This paper reviews the impact of COVID-19 on people with immunocompromised status, identifies the gaps in the current management landscape, and proposes actions to address this unmet need. Observational studies have demonstrated that people with immune dysfunction have a higher risk of COVID-19–related hospitalization and death, despite vaccination, than the general population. More research is needed to define the optimal prevention and treatment strategies that are specific to people with immunocompromised status, including novel vaccination strategies, monoclonal antibodies that provide passive immunity and complement suboptimal vaccination responses, and improved and safer antiviral treatment for COVID-19. Preventive measures beyond vaccination alone are urgently needed to protect this vulnerable population.

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“…The vaccine’s protection against severe outcomes is largely attributed to a cellular immune response [ 8 , 9 ]. The study of cellular immunity is crucial for understanding protection against SARS-CoV-2, its emerging variants and for the development of new vaccines [ 10 , 11 ]. Testing cellular immunity protection is challenging due to the complex, laborious and specialized techniques required to understand the biological mechanisms involved [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular Immunity of SARS-CoV-2 in the Borriana COVID-19 Cohort: A Nested Case–Control Study

Domènech-Montoliu,

Puig-Barberà,

Pac-Sa

et al. 2024

Epidemiologia

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Our goal was to determine the cellular immune response (CIR) in a sample of the Borriana COVID-19 cohort (Spain) to identify associated factors and their relationship with infection, reinfection and sequelae. We conducted a nested case–control study using a randomly selected sample of 225 individuals aged 18 and older, including 36 individuals naïve to the SARS-CoV-2 infection and 189 infected patients. We employed flow-cytometry–based immunoassays for intracellular cytokine staining, using Wuhan and BA.2 antigens, and chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Logistic regression models were applied. A total of 215 (95.6%) participants exhibited T-cell response (TCR) to at least one antigen. Positive responses of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were 89.8% and 85.3%, respectively. No difference in CIR was found between naïve and infected patients. Patients who experienced sequelae exhibited a higher CIR than those without. A positive correlation was observed between TCR and anti-spike IgG levels. Factors positively associated with the TCR included blood group A, number of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses received, and anti-N IgM; factors inversely related were the time elapsed since the last vaccine dose or infection, and blood group B. These findings contribute valuable insights into the nuanced immune landscape shaped by SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.

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The Importance of Measuring SARS-CoV-2-Specific T-Cell Responses in an Ongoing Pandemic

Cited by 22 publications

References 113 publications

Immune response variation in mild and severe COVID-19 patients

Immune response variation in mild and severe COVID-19 patients

Protecting the vulnerable: addressing the COVID-19 care needs of people with compromised immunity

Cellular Immunity of SARS-CoV-2 in the Borriana COVID-19 Cohort: A Nested Case–Control Study

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