The importance of motivation, weapons, and foul odors in driving encounter competition in carnivores

Allen, Maximilian L.; Wilmers, Christopher C.; Elbroch, L. Mark; Golla, Julie M.; Wittmer, Heiko

doi:10.1002/ecy.1462

Cited by 35 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(62 reference statements)

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“…For example, baits are likely to bias the identity and relative numbers of different species recorded by cameras because they favour those species that respond more strongly to the chosen bait (Lazenby et al 2015). The number of species recorded by remote cameras is also likely to be influenced by species interactions at and around the bait (Allen et al 2016b). Based on our results, monitoring schemes targeting single species or species at low densities might consider baiting the camera traps to minimise trapping effort and costs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, other sources of variation (e.g. weather or species behaviour) might influence the probability of detection of cameras and tracking tunnels (Gillies & Williams 2013;Allen et al 2016b;Fancourt 2016). Further research on the interactions among animals, their environment and monitoring devices is required to minimise the number of misdetections (Meek et al 2016) and to develop new standards.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of remote cameras for monitoring multiple invasive mammals in New Zealand

Hartley¹,

Wittmer²

2018

NZ J Ecol

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Numerous conservation projects in New Zealand aim to reduce populations of invasive mammalian predators to facilitate the recovery of native species. However, results of control efforts are often uncertain due to insufficient monitoring. Remote cameras have the potential to monitor multiple species of invasive mammals. To determine the efficiency of cameras as a multi-species monitoring tool, we compared the detection rates of remote cameras and tracking tunnels over 4 non-consecutive days across 40 sites in Wellington. On average, cameras detected significantly more hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) and rats (Rattus spp.) than tracking tunnels, and their images could be used to identify rats to the species level in 50% of detections. Cameras also detected more possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) but missed recording mice (Mus musculus) on some occasions where tracking tunnels detected them, and vice-versa. We conclude that remote cameras are well-suited for simultaneously monitoring multiple species of invasive mammals in New Zealand.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of remote cameras for monitoring multiple invasive mammals in New Zealand

Hartley¹,

Wittmer²

2018

NZ J Ecol

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“…Canis lupus hodophilax who became extinct in the early 20th century There may be some perceived risk from competition with other scavengers (e.g., Allen, Wilmers, Elbroch, Golla, & Wittmer, 2016;Hunter, Durant, & Caro, 2007;Pereira et al, 2014). For example, some species (especially red foxes, Japanese martens, and jungle crows) visited the carcasses but often did not scavenge from them, and red foxes and martens fed less than bears and raccoon dogs.…”

Section: Scavenger Frequency and Durationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertebrate scavenger guild composition and utilization of carrion in an East Asian temperate forest

Inagaki

Allen

Maruyama

et al. 2020

Ecology and Evolution

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Scavenging is a common feeding behavior by many species that plays an important role in ecosystem stability and function while also providing ecosystem services. Despite its importance, facultative scavenging on large animal carcasses has generally been overlooked in Asian temperate forest ecosystems. The aim of this study was to determine the composition and feeding behavior of the facultative scavenger guild as it relates to sika deer (Cervus nippon) carcasses in Japanese forests. There are no obligate scavengers or large predators that kill adult ungulates, but humans fill the role of large predators by culling deer for population management. We documented nine vertebrate species scavenging on deer carcasses and found that mammals were more frequent scavengers than birds and also fed for longer durations. This result suggests that there is a facultative scavenger guild composed mainly of mammals in our forest ecosystem and that carcass utilization by birds was restricted to only forest species. Raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and Asian black bears (Ursus thibetanus) were the most frequent scavenger species and also fed for longer durations than other scavengers. There were significant seasonal differences in scavenging by Asian black bear, Japanese marten (Martes melampus), and mountain hawk‐eagle (Nisaetus nipalensis), suggesting the availability of other food resources may alter facultative scavenging by each species. Our results support that scavenging is widespread in this system and likely has important functions including building links in the food web.

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“…A common assumption is that grizzly bears will dominate in direct competitions with black bears because adult grizzlies typically are larger and more aggressive than black bears. While there are empirical examples of this (Gunther et al 2002), recent studies exploring interference competition have found exceptions to this assumption, with the outcome having more to do with motivation and perception of risk than body size (Miller et al 2015, Allen et al 2016). Actual encounter rates, their outcome, and effects on emergent properties (Salt 1979) like density have not been thoroughly evaluated for either species (Mattson et al 2005, Schwartz et al 2010.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using spatially‐explicit capture–recapture models to explain variation in seasonal density patterns of sympatric ursids

2018

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Understanding how environmental factors interact to determine the abundance and distribution of animals is a primary goal of ecology, and fundamental to the conservation of wildlife populations. Studies of these relationships, however, often assume static environmental conditions, and rarely consider effects of competition with ecologically similar species. In many parts of their shared ranges, grizzly bears Ursus arctos and American black bears U. americanus have nearly complete dietary overlap and share similar life history traits. We therefore tested the hypothesis that density patterns of both bear species would reflect seasonal variation in available resources, with areas of higher primary productivity supporting higher densities of both species. We also hypothesized that interspecific competition would influence seasonal density patterns. Specifically, we predicted that grizzly bear density would be locally reduced due to the ability of black bears to more efficiently exploit patchy food resources such as seasonally abundant fruits. To test our hypotheses, we used detections of 309 grizzly and 597 black bears from two independent genetic sampling methods in spatially‐explicit capture–recapture (SECR) models. Our results suggest grizzly bear density was lower in areas of high black bear density during spring and summer, although intraspecific densities were also important, particularly during the breeding season. Black bears had lower densities in areas of high grizzly bear density in spring; however, density of black bears in early and late summer was best explained by primary productivity. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that smaller‐bodied, more abundant black bears may influence the density patterns of behaviorally‐dominant grizzly bears through exploitative competition. We also suggest that seasonal variation in resource availability be considered in efforts to relate environmental conditions to animal density.

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The importance of motivation, weapons, and foul odors in driving encounter competition in carnivores

Cited by 35 publications

References 32 publications

Evaluation of remote cameras for monitoring multiple invasive mammals in New Zealand

Evaluation of remote cameras for monitoring multiple invasive mammals in New Zealand

Vertebrate scavenger guild composition and utilization of carrion in an East Asian temperate forest

Using spatially‐explicit capture–recapture models to explain variation in seasonal density patterns of sympatric ursids

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