The importance of “Pavonazzetto marble” (Docimium-Phrygia/Iscehisar-Turkey) since ancient times and its properties as a global heritage stone resource

Çeli̇k, Mustafa Yavuz; Sert, Murat

doi:10.1007/s12665-020-08943-2

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Stones from Africa, Oceania, and other Asian areas, such as China and the Near and Middle East, remain unacknowledged in recognized scientific networks, even if European, Arabic, and Chinese architectural styles all emerged from long ancient civilizations. The stone-built heritage in countries such as Turkey [27,28], from which both Pavonazzetto marble and Urfa Limestone are published and described as candidates, have not yet been considered as important heritage stones in heritage; the heritage of Lebanon [29,30], Syria [31], Iraq [32], Israel [33], Jordan, [34], Palestine (where natural stone played an important role in the architecture of old cities in the mountain region, such as Jerusalem, Hebron, Bethlehem, and Nablus) [35,36], Saudi Arabia, other nations of the Arabian Peninsula [37], and Iran [38] is also as important as the heritage of the so-called occidental world. Unfortunately, some of these unrepresented areas are very unstable, with political conflicts (e.g., Syria, Iraq, and Palestine), natural hazards, such as earthquakes (e.g., Turkey), and anthropic hazards, such as wars and accidents (e.g., Taliban wars in Afghanistan, a gas explosion in Lebanon), frequently affecting communities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Value of Natural Stones to Gain in the Cultural and Geological Diversity of Our Global Heritage

Pereira

2023

Heritage

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The use of stone to build shelters was an important step in terms of ensuring buildings’ durability and security in pre-historic times. It was also an acknowledgment of power and grandeur when societies demonstrated their respect for their leaders and gods by building stone monuments. For this reason, cathedrals, churches, and other magnificent religious monuments were built around the globe; however, the importance of the stone used in their construction itself is not sufficiently appreciated as the key factor ensuring the endurance of these historic buildings. While Western countries have long used iconic buildings to promote their heritage and advance in other socio-economic aspects, including tourism, other regions are yet to take full advantage of this outlook, even though their monumental structures may be equally impressive. Those important monuments are built of stone, which were referred to as Heritage Stones by some research groups, and their recognition would showcase the cultural and geological diversity of the world. However, there are many stones of heritage importance from geographic areas that are under-represented in the scientific literature and the work of research groups. This paper presents a review of the degree of geographical diversity in the recognition of stones and their heritage value.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Value of Natural Stones to Gain in the Cultural and Geological Diversity of Our Global Heritage

Pereira

2023

Heritage

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“…The marble used for the floor and ceiling was quarried from Anatolia (present-day eastern Turkey) and Syria, while bricks (used in the walls and parts of the floor) are from different construction phases with different clays composition [126]. The interior of Hagia Sophia is lined with enormous stone slabs sourced from multilple places: Green marble of Karystos (Greece), rose-colored marble from Phrygia (Turkey) [127], red Imperial porphyry from Egypt [128], Green porphyry from Sparta (Greece), buff lassikos from Caria (Turkey), white-yellowish marble from Lydia (Turkey), gold-colored marble from Libya, chunky black and white Celticum breccia (so-called marmum celticum) from France, honey-colored onyx from Pamukkale (Turkey), green Verde Antique serpentinite breccia from Thessaly (Greece) [129,130], white marble from Proconnesos (Turkey) [131] and the grey-colored marble from Vosporos (Greece) [132]. Hagia Sophia's columns were brought from the temple of Artemis in Ephesus (Turkey), from Egypt, and from other locations of the Byzantine Empire.…”

Section: Early Middle Agesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Forerunners on Heritage Stones Investigation: Historical Synthesis and Evolution

Freire-Lista

2021

Heritage

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Human activity has required, since its origins, stones as raw material for carving, construction and rock art. The study, exploration, use and maintenance of building stones is a global phenomenon that has evolved from the first shelters, manufacture of lithic tools, to the construction of houses, infrastructures and monuments. Druids, philosophers, clergymen, quarrymen, master builders, naturalists, travelers, architects, archaeologists, physicists, chemists, curators, restorers, museologists, engineers and geologists, among other professionals, have worked with stones and they have produced the current knowledge in heritage stones. They are stones that have special significance in human culture. In this way, the connotation of heritage in stones has been acquired over the time. That is, the stones at the time of their historical use were simply stones used for a certain purpose. Therefore, the concept of heritage stone is broad, with cultural, historic, artistic, architectural, and scientific implications. A historical synthesis is presented of the main events that marked the use of stones from prehistory, through ancient history, medieval times, and to the modern period. In addition, the main authors who have written about stones are surveyed from Ancient Roman times to the middle of the twentieth century. Subtle properties of stones have been discovered and exploited by artists and artisans long before rigorous science took notice of them and explained them.

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Denizli Travertine: A Global Heritage Stone Resource Nominee from Western Türkiye

Özkul,

Gül,

Koralay

et al. 2024

Geoheritage

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A global heritage stone designated by International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) is a natural stone that has been widely used in significant architecture and monuments, recognized as integral aspects of human culture.The aim of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of the Quaternary travertine formations located in Western Türkiye called ‘Denizli Travertine’ as a global heritage stone candidate. The Denizli Travertine have been commonly used as building stones in the ancient cities of the Lycus Valley since the second century BC. The cotton-white Pamukkale Travertine, which was designated as one of The First 100 Geological Heritage by IUGS in 2022, is the recent part of the Denizli Travertine. The travertine-dominated structures have given a privileged feature to the aforementioned ancient cities. In these cities, public buildings such as theatre, agora, bath basilica, monumental fountain, bridges and fortification wall were predominantly built in travertine. Since the thirteenth century, the use of the travertine also continued in the buildings of Seljuk Period, like caravanserais, monumental tombs and castle walls. The travertine consists of carbonate minerals (i.e. mostly calcite, with less amount of aragonite) and is porous. The main texture is significantly wackestone to packstone including peloid, bacterial/crystalline dendrite, and coated grain. Another type is banded travertines, which occurs as a fissure fill or vein, have a completely crystalline texture and has been mostly used for decorative purpose. Contemporarily, the stone is widely used in many areas such as flooring, cladding, stair steps, countertops, table, coffee tables and sculptures and is traded worldwide, and therefore considered to deserve to be designated as a global heritage stone resource.

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The importance of “Pavonazzetto marble” (Docimium-Phrygia/Iscehisar-Turkey) since ancient times and its properties as a global heritage stone resource

Cited by 6 publications

References 18 publications

The Value of Natural Stones to Gain in the Cultural and Geological Diversity of Our Global Heritage

The Value of Natural Stones to Gain in the Cultural and Geological Diversity of Our Global Heritage

The Forerunners on Heritage Stones Investigation: Historical Synthesis and Evolution

Denizli Travertine: A Global Heritage Stone Resource Nominee from Western Türkiye

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