The importance of sensitive detection of malaria parasites in the human and insect hosts in epidemiological studies, as shown by the analysis of field samples from Guinea Bissau

Snounou, Georges; Pinheiro, L.; Gonçalves, Aldina; Fonseca, Luis F.; Dias, Francisco; Brown, K. N.; Rosário, Virgílio Estólio do

doi:10.1016/0035-9203(93)90274-t

Cited by 153 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In two African studies, PCR prevalence of P. malariae was 23.3% and 39.2%, and P. ovale prevalence was 6.9% and 9.3%. By contrast, LM detected no non-P. falciparum infections in the first study [58] and 18.7% P. malariae and 2.8% P. ovale in the second [59]. Findings consistent with these observations have been generated recently in a study of >1200 Kenyans.…”

supporting

confidence: 84%

Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale – the ‘bashful’ malaria parasites

Müeller

Zimmerman

Reeder

2007

Trends in Parasitology

270

245

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Although Plasmodium malariae was first described as an infectious disease of humans by Golgi in 1886 and Plasmodium ovale identified by Stevens in 1922, there are still large gaps in our knowledge of the importance of these infections as causes of malaria in different parts of the world. They have traditionally been thought of as mild illnesses that are caused by rare and, in case of P. ovale, short-lived parasites. However, recent advances in sensitive PCR diagnosis are causing a re-evaluation of this assumption. Low-level infection seems to be common across malaria-endemic areas, often as complex mixed infections. The potential interactions of P. malariae and P. ovale with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax might explain some basic questions of malaria epidemiology, and understanding these interactions could have an important influence on the deployment of interventions such as malaria vaccines. Geographical distributionAlthough distribution of Plasmodium malariae infection is reported as being patchy, it has been observed in all major malaria-endemic regions of the world [1]. P. malariae infections are most common in sub-Saharan Africa and the southwest Pacific, where age-specific prevalence in mass blood surveys have exceeded 15-30% [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. By contrast, when P. malariae has been detected in malaria-endemic regions of Asia [9][10][11][12], the Middle East [13], South America [14] and Central America [15], it is observed as an infrequent infection, with blood-smear light microscopy (LM) prevalence rarely exceeding 1-2%. Much higher levels of infection were, however, found in montagnard refugees from the Cambodian-Vietnamese border [16]. In South America, P. malariae is thought to be a zoonotic infection because the genetically identical Plasmodium brasilianum infects new-world monkeys [17] and both monkeys and humans in endemic areas show high levels of seropositivity to P. malariae and P. brasilianum antigens [18].Plasmodium ovale was thought to have a much more limited distribution, with endemic transmission traditionally described as being limited to areas of tropical Africa, New Guinea, the eastern parts of Indonesia and the Philippines [19,20]. Infections with P. ovale, however, have also been reported in the Middle East [13], the Indian subcontinent [21] and different parts of Southeast Asia [11,22,23]. In West Africa (and to a lesser extent Central Africa), age specific LM prevalence of >10% have been observed [3,6] places where P. ovale is observed, it is relatively uncommon and its prevalence (as detected by LM) rarely exceeds 3-5% [22,[24][25][26].Indepth descriptions of the epidemiology of both infections based upon LM data are, thus, restricted almost exclusively to highly endemic areas in Africa and the Southwest Pacific. Detailed epidemiological studies from South America and Asia are lacking. Variation in parasite prevalenceIn West Africa, P. malariae prevalence has been reported to peak at ages similar to those of P. falciparum (i.e. in children under ten years of...

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supporting

confidence: 84%

Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale – the ‘bashful’ malaria parasites

Müeller

Zimmerman

Reeder

2007

Trends in Parasitology

270

245

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“…identification of the Plasmodium species showed a prevalence of 26% to 36% of mixed infections, 75% of which involved P. falciparum and P. malariae (Snounou et al 1993). As reported from elsewhere (Richard et al 1988) infections restricted to P. malariae were very rare and this parameter was always associated with P. falciparum.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 50%

“…The blood films of one single village were used to compare the sensivity and specificity (as defined by Mausner & Kramer 1985) of nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with optical microscopy detection of parasites (for laboratory technical details see Snounou et al 1993).…”

Section: Population and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiology of malaria in Prábis, Guinea-Bissau

Gonçalves

Ferrinho

Dias

1996

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…malariae , and to a lesser extent P . ovale , have been recorded but appear to be rare and highly variable in both Guinea-Bissau ( Snounou et al , 1993) and neighboring Senegal ( Fontenille et al , 1997a; Fontenille et al 1997b). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Variability is also high among the Anopheles spp. implicated as vectors in this region of West Africa in terms of both their temporal population dynamics as well as species composition among study sites ( Carnevale et al , 2010; Fontenille et al , 1997a; Jaenson et al , 1994; Snounou et al , 1993). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium falciparum infection rates for some Anopheles spp. from Guinea-Bissau, West Africa

et al. 2014

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Presence of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in a sample of Anopheles gambiae s.s., A. melas and A. pharoensis collected in Guinea-Bissau during October and November 2009. The percentage of P. falciparum infected samples (10.2% overall) was comparable to earlier studies from other sites in Guinea-Bissau (9.6-12.4%). The majority of the specimens collected were identified as A. gambiae which had an individual infection rate of 12.6 % across collection sites. A small number of specimens of A. coluzzii, A. coluzzii x A. gambiae hybrids, A. melas and A. pharoensis were collected and had infection rates of 4.3%, 4.1%, 11.1% and 33.3% respectively. Despite being present in low numbers in indoor collections, the exophilic feeding behaviors of A. melas (N=18) and A. pharoensis (N=6) and high infection rates observed in this survey suggest falciparum-malaria transmission potential outside of the protection of bed nets.

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The importance of sensitive detection of malaria parasites in the human and insect hosts in epidemiological studies, as shown by the analysis of field samples from Guinea Bissau

Cited by 153 publications

References 10 publications

Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale – the ‘bashful’ malaria parasites

Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale – the ‘bashful’ malaria parasites

The epidemiology of malaria in Prábis, Guinea-Bissau

Plasmodium falciparum infection rates for some Anopheles spp. from Guinea-Bissau, West Africa

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