The importance of the toes in walking

Hughes, Janet; Clark, Peter; Klenerman, L.

doi:10.1302/0301-620x.72b2.2312564

Cited by 207 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Morita et al [10] reported a significant association between TGS and performance on the 50-m sprint run, standing long jump and repeated side step in Japanese third and fifth grade elementary school children, with our results being in agreement. Toes can generate propulsive force during walking and running in adults [2,3] and toe flexor strength is an important factor to enhance jump performance [24]. A similar contribution of the TGS to propulsive force would be expected in preschool children and, therefore, it is logical that TGS was significantly associated with the 25-m sprint, 5-m shuttle run and standing long jump performance in our study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Several researchers have reported associations between toe function, including toe flexor strength, and balance [1,4] and walking [2,3] in adults, as previously mentioned. Various reports have also indicated that reduced toe flexor strength is an important risk factor for falls among elderly individuals [16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…The reproducibility of the TGS measurements was evaluated by calculating the within observer intra class correlation coefficient (ICC), model (1,2). TGS was analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with Tukey's post-hoc test used to assess between-sex differences and age-related changes.…”

Section: Participants and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Toe function influences physical performance among adults [1][2][3][4], with toe flexor strength decreasing with aging [1,5,6]. However, although toe flexor strength has been reported in various studies, it has not been measured using a standardized method, such as hand grip strength (HGS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between Toe Grip Strength and Physical Performance Among Japanese Preschool Children

Uritani¹,

Fukumoto²,

Matsumoto³

et al. 2017

Clin Res Foot Ankle

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Objective: To evaluate the association between Toe grip strength (TGS) and physical performance among preschool children in Japan.Methods: TGS was evaluated in 338 preschool children (178 boys, 160 girls), 4-6 years of age. The following physical performance tests were measured: hand grip strength (HGS), 25-m sprint run, 5-m shuttle run, standing long jump, and tennis ball throw, were measured. Participants were divided into five age groups of 6-month intervals, from the early 4-years-old group (48-53 months) to the early 6-years-old group (72-78 months). TGS was analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance, with a post-hoc test to assess between-sex differences and age-related changes. Associations between TGS and descriptive characteristics and physical performance were assessed using multivariate linear regression analysis.Results: TGS increased with development, being significantly greater in the early 6-years-old group than in the early and late 4-years-old group and early 5-years-old group. There was no between-sex difference in TGS within the same age group. TGS was associated with age in months and weight, but not with sex and height. TGS was also significantly associated with the 25-m sprint run, 5-m shuttle run and standing long jump performance, regardless of age, anthropometrics and HGS, in both sex, with the exception of the 5-m shuttle run in boys.Conclusion: TGS increased with age and was associated with enhanced lower-limb physical performance among preschool children and could provide a useful predictor of physical performance in this population.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Participants and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Association between Toe Grip Strength and Physical Performance Among Japanese Preschool Children

Uritani¹,

Fukumoto²,

Matsumoto³

et al. 2017

Clin Res Foot Ankle

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“…Meanwhile, a previous study examined the toes during bipedal walking (Hughes et al, 1990). The frequency of use of the right and left sides in daily life differs considerably for the arms and legs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Characteristics and Laterality of Explosive Force Exertion of Hand Grip and Toe Grip

Nakada¹,

Demura²

2014

APE

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This study examines the force exertion characteristics and laterality of maximal explosive force exertion of hand grip and toe grip. Fifteen male subjects, aged 19 to 23 years, performed maximal explosive hand grip and toe grip exertions with their dominant and non-dominant sides. Maximal force value and integral force for 2 sec in the hand grip exertions were significantly larger than those in the toe grip exertions in both the dominant and non-dominant sides. The time required to achieve 90% maximal force value in the hand grip exertions was significantly shorter than that in the toe grip exertions in both sides. Correlations between the dominant and non-dominant sides were significant (r = 0.710 -0.889) in maximal force value and integral force for 2 sec during the hand and toe grip exertions, but they were not significant (hand grip: r = 0.242, toe grip: r = 0.032) with respect to the time taken to achieve 90% maximal force value. In conclusion, a force exertion value increases more quickly in an explosive hand grip than that in an explosive toe grip. The laterality may relate to time parameters in both explosive force exertions, but not to ones related to force.

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Evolutionary selection and morphological integration in the foot of modern humans

Arlegi

Pablos

Lorenzo

2023

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

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Objectives To advance our understanding of the evolution of the hominin foot by quantifying integration and responses to selection in the foot of modern humans. Materials and Methods The sample includes 247 female and male adult individuals from Euro‐American, Afro‐American, European, and Amerindian populations. We collected 190 linear measurements from the 26 skeletal elements that constitute the modern human foot. With these data, we calculated the magnitudes of integration and the ability of the foot to respond to selection demands. Results The results revealed that distal phalanges are less integrated, more evolvable, and more flexible than proximal elements (i.e., proximal phalanges and metatarsals). Also, bones from the medial ray (e.g., hallux) show stronger integration and weaker evolvability than their counterparts from the lateral column (e.g., fifth ray), following this trend from medial to lateral positions. Among the tarsals, the talus and calcaneus are the most integrated, least evolvable, and flexible elements from that module. Discussion These results suggest that selection for bipedalism would have reorganized the variance/covariance matrix of the foot. The hallux might have been under strong functional selection pressures for bipedal requirements, resulting in a strong integration and low evolvability. Also, differences in the developmental process of each bone seem to have played an essential role in the degree of evolvability, showing those elements that develop earlier have less ability to respond to selection demands.

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The importance of the toes in walking

Cited by 207 publications

References 10 publications

Association between Toe Grip Strength and Physical Performance Among Japanese Preschool Children

Association between Toe Grip Strength and Physical Performance Among Japanese Preschool Children

The Characteristics and Laterality of Explosive Force Exertion of Hand Grip and Toe Grip

Evolutionary selection and morphological integration in the foot of modern humans

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