The in-flight performance of the X-ray Solar Monitor (XSM) on-board SMART-1

Alha, L.; Huovelin, J.; Hackman, T.; Andersson, H.; Howe, C.; Esko, Eero; Väänänen, Mikko

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2008.08.138

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…For weaker flares their model results were 1.5 to 2.0 times reported GOES levels. Alha et al (2008) using X-ray spectra obtained by the X-ray Solar Monitor (XSM) on the Finnish SMART-1 mission to the Moon applied the SPEC modeling program with a broken power-law spectrum and several Gaussian lines to compute the solar-flare flux at a C4 level, finding good agreement with the reported GOES XL flux. Väänänen, Alha, and Huovelin (2009), assuming Mewe spectral models, analyzed ten events and found a GOES to XSM ratio of 0.94 ± 0.09 (i.e.…”

Section: Comparison Of Goes With Other Concurrent Observationsmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Several comparisons of GOES with other solar soft X-ray flare observations, using images, spectra, and other broad band techniques, have recently been made (Aschwanden and Alexander, 2001;Sylwester et al, 2005;Rodgers et al, 2006;Chifor et al, 2007;Alha et al, 2008;Väänänen, Alha, and Huovelin, 2009). These results are discussed in order of decreasing solar flare-flux level: Aschwanden and Alexander (2001) used Yohkoh soft X-ray and TRACE extremeultraviolet images of an X5 flare (the "Bastille Day Flare" of 14 July 2000) to derive a DEM and X-ray spectrum.…”

Section: Comparison Of Goes With Other Concurrent Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intercalibration of Solar Soft X-Ray Broad Band Measurements from SOLRAD 9 through GOES-12

Neupert¹

2011

Sol Phys

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The two-band soft X-ray observations of solar flares made by the Naval Research Laboratory's (NRL) SOLar RADiation (SOLRAD) satellites and by the Geostationary Orbiting Environmental Satellites (GOES) operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Space Weather Prediction Center have produced a nearly continuous record of solar flare observations over a period of more than forty years (1969 -2011). However, early GOES observations (i.e., GOES-2) and later (GOES-8 and subsequent missions) are not directly comparable due to changes in the conversion of measured currents to integrated fluxes in the two spectral bands that were adopted: 0.05 -0.3 (or 0.4) nm, which we refer to as XS and 0.1 -0.8 nm (XL). Furthermore, additional flux adjustments, using overlapping data sets, were imposed to provide consistency of flare-flux levels from mission to mission. This article evaluates the results of these changes and compares experimental GOES-8/GOES-2 results with changes predicted from modeled flare spectra. The factors by which recent GOES observations can be matched to GOES-2 are then optimized by adapting a technique first used to extrapolate GOES X-ray fluxes above saturation using ionospheric VLF radio phase enhancements. A nearly 20% increase in published GOES-8 XL data would be required to match to GOES-2 XL fluxes, which were based on observed flare spectra. On the other hand, a factor of 1.07 would match GOES-8 and later flat-spectrum 0.1 -0.8 nm fluxes to GOES-2 XL if the latter data were converted to a flat-spectrum basis. Finally, GOES-8 observations are compared to solar soft X-ray estimates made concurrently with other techniques. Published GOES-8 0.1 -0.8 nm fluxes are found to be 0.59 of the mean of these other determinations. Rescaling GOES to a realistic flare spectrum and removing a 30% downward adjustment applied to the GOES-8 measurements during initial data processing would place GOES-8 and later GOES XL fluxes at 0.94 of this XL mean. GOES-2 on the same scale would lie at about 0.70 of this mean. Significant uncertainties in the absolute levels of broad band soft X-ray fluxes still remain, however.

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Section: Comparison Of Goes With Other Concurrent Observationsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Comparison Of Goes With Other Concurrent Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intercalibration of Solar Soft X-Ray Broad Band Measurements from SOLRAD 9 through GOES-12

Neupert¹

2011

Sol Phys

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“…The intensities of all other flare levels scale similarly, all without any difference in spectrum shape from that observed at Earth distance. The range of expected spectra and intensities can thus be derived with high accuracy, since extended data from previous missions with suitable spectrum range and spectral resolution are available (see Alha et al, 2008).…”

Section: Measurement Of X-raysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar Intensity X-ray and particle Spectrometer (SIXS)

Huovelin

Vainio

Andersson³

et al. 2010

Planetary and Space Science

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“…XSM itself has been calibrated on the ground. Laboratory calibrations of XSM are explained in Alha et al (2008), and the radiation hardness of XSM and the inflight degradation due to space radiation have been studied by Laukkanen et al (2005). XSM is equipped with an inflight spectral calibration source attached to the inner surface of a tungsten shutter.…”

Section: Xsm Ground and Inflight Calibrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-Calibration of SMART-1 XSM with GOES and RHESSI

2009

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A number of X-ray instruments have been active in observing the solar coronal X-ray radiation this decade. We have compared XSM observations with simultaneous GOES and RHESSI observations. We present flux calibrations for all instruments and compare XSM and GOES total emission measures (TEM) and temperatures (T).The model-independent flux comparison with XSM and GOES data in the 1 -8 Å band shows that the fluxes agree with a ratio of 0.94 ± 0.09 for the data up to April 2005. The Mewe model-dependent Ts and TEMs differ as XSM observes 1.47 ± 0.03 times higher Ts than GOES and 1.23 ± 0.08 times higher TEMs and 0.92 ± 0.05 times lower fluxes. The comparison with RHESSI data in the 6 -8 keV band shows that the average XSM/RHESSI flux ratio is 2.63 ± 0.23. The discrepancies revealed in this study are similar to discrepancies observed in a number of other spaceborne cross-calibration studies.

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The in-flight performance of the X-ray Solar Monitor (XSM) on-board SMART-1

Cited by 21 publications

References 8 publications

Intercalibration of Solar Soft X-Ray Broad Band Measurements from SOLRAD 9 through GOES-12

Intercalibration of Solar Soft X-Ray Broad Band Measurements from SOLRAD 9 through GOES-12

Solar Intensity X-ray and particle Spectrometer (SIXS)

Cross-Calibration of SMART-1 XSM with GOES and RHESSI

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