The in vitro effects of alkanes, alcohols, and ketones on rat lung cytochrome P450-dependent alkoxyphenoxazone dealkylase activities

Rabovsky, Jean; Judy, Deloris J.

doi:10.1007/bf00334627

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 20 publications

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“…For a long time, investigations dealing with this group were restricted to chemistry of high plants (Eglinton et al 1962 ; Eglinton and Atkinson 1967 ; Li et al 2018 ) and to characterization of vehicle exhausts. Instead, n-alkanes gained concern when the strong dependence of their molecular imprinting on nature of source was ascertained, as well as their toxicity that includes skin inflammation, pulmonary edema, respiratory disfunction, co-carcinogenic and co-tumorogenic properties (Rabovsky and Judy 1989 ).…”

Section: The State-of-the-art Of Research About Molecular Signatures ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular signatures of organic particulates as tracers of emission sources

Cecinato

Bacaloni

Romagnoli

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Chemical signature of airborne particulates and deposition dusts is subject of study since decades. Usually, three complementary composition markers are investigated, namely, (i) specific organic compounds; (ii) concentration ratios between congeners, and (iii) percent distributions of homologs. Due to its intrinsic limits (e.g., variability depending on decomposition and gas/particle equilibrium), the identification of pollution sources based on molecular signatures results overall restricted to qualitative purposes. Nevertheless, chemical fingerprints allow drawing preliminary information, suitable for successfully approaching multivariate analysis and valuing the relative importance of sources. Here, the state-of-the-art is presented about the molecular fingerprints of non-polar aliphatic, polyaromatic (PAHs, nitro-PAHs), and polar (fatty acids, organic halides, polysaccharides) compounds in emissions. Special concern was addressed to alkenes and alkanes with carbon numbers ranging from 12 to 23 and ≥ 24, which displayed distinct relative abundances in petrol-derived spills and exhausts, emissions from microorganisms, high vegetation, and sediments. Long-chain alkanes associated with tobacco smoke were characterized by a peculiar iso/anteiso/normal homolog fingerprint and by n-hentriacontane percentages higher than elsewhere. Several concentration ratios of PAHs were identified as diagnostic of the type of emission, and the sources of uncertainty were elucidated. Despite extensive investigations conducted so far, the origin of uncommon molecular fingerprints, e.g., alkane/alkene relationships in deposition dusts and airborne particles, remains quite unclear. Polar organics resulted scarcely investigated for pollution apportioning purposes, though they looked as indicative of the nature of sources. Finally, the role of humans and living organisms as actual emitters of chemicals seems to need concern in the future.

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Section: The State-of-the-art Of Research About Molecular Signatures ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular signatures of organic particulates as tracers of emission sources

Cecinato

Bacaloni

Romagnoli

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Nonideal behavior of alkoxyphenoxazone compounds (cytochrome P‐450 substrates) in aqueous solution

Rabovsky

Heflin

Judy

et al. 1989

J. Biochem. Toxicol.

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Spectral properties of the cytochrome P-450 substrates, methoxy-, ethoxy-, pentoxy-, and benzyloxyphenoxazone (MeOPx, EtOPx, PeOPx, and BzOPx, respectively) were investigated from 350 to 600 nm in ethanol and aqueous buffer. In ethanol, each alkoxyphenoxazone displayed a lambda max at 460 nm and a shoulder around 390 nm. Extinction coefficients (EmM) in ethanol were calculated as MeOPx, 20.5; EtOPx, 20.4; PeOPx, 24.7; and BzOPx, 22.4. In aqueous buffer, only MeOPx obeyed the Lambert-Beer law (lambda max = 480 nm, EmM = 22.1). Three substrates, EtOPx, PeOPx, and BzOPx, displayed anomalous behavior in aqueous solution, wherein the lambda max shifted to lower wavelengths (480-430 nm) and EmM (apparent) decreased as the alkoxyphenoxazone concentration increased. This behavior was dependent on the side chain, and the concentrations at which the spectral changes took place were estimated as: BzOPx, 2 microM; PeOPx, 5 microM; EtOPx, 17 microM; and MeOPx, greater than 20 microM. The blue shift and decreased EmM (apparent) observed for PeOPx at high concentration in aqueous buffer was reversed at high temperature. Unlike EtOPx, PeOPx, and BzOPx, and like MeOPx, hydroxyphenoxazone (resorufin) and unsubstituted phenoxazone obeyed the Lambert-Beer law in aqueous buffer and ethanol. The data suggest that the pentoxy and benzyloxy substituents facilitated a self-association process among the phenoxazones in aqueous solution. The data further show that aqueous solutions should be avoided when spectral data are used to determine alkoxyphenoxazone concentrations.

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Biochemical effects of pembina cardium crude oil exposure in cattle

Khan

Coppock

Schuler

et al. 1996

Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.

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Crude oil pollution at drilling sites located within or in close proximity to agricultural pasture lands poses serious health risks to cattle raised on these lands. To investigate the clinical and systemic biochemical effects, cattle (8/group) were administered single oral doses of Pembina Cardium crude oil (PCCO) at 16.7, 33.4, and 67.4 g/kg, or water (control group) at 80 g/kg. Cattle exposed to PCCO showed dose-dependent clinical effects. At the lowest dosage, PCCO caused transient and minimal clinical effects; however, high dosages caused varied clinical signs which included tremors, nystagmus, vomiting, and pulmonary distress. On posttreatment day 7 or 30, four cattle from each treatment group were sacrificed and biochemical parameters were assayed in liver, lungs, and kidney cortex. In cattle monitored on posttreatment day 7, the PCCO-treated groups showed marked alterations from the control group in hepatic cytochrome P-450 (P-450), and in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase (ECOD) activities of these tissues. Administration of PCCO caused significant increases (> 100%) in hepatic P-450, but produced variable effects on AHH and ECOD activities in each tissue. The activity of AHH was increased in all tissues; however, the effect was highest in kidney cortex (> 5000%), followed by liver (> 500%) and lungs (> 250%). The activity of ECOD was altered in a differential manner. It was either increased markedly (>1300%) in kidney cortex or increased slightly (20-30%) in liver, but decreased (> 80%) in lungs. The activities of respiratory chain enzymes (succinate-cytochrome c reductase, NADH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome oxidase), or NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and glutathione transferase were not changed significantly in any tissues. The alterations in P-450, AHH, and ECOD observed on day 7 were markedly reversed in cattle examined on day 30 posttreatment, indicating a recovery from induced changes. Studies in vitro with hepatic microsomal preparations from day 7 posttreatment groups showed that increases in AHH and ECOD activity in PCCO-treated cattle were due to induction of new isoforms of P-450, as evidenced by (1) the appearance of a 448-nm spectral peak, and (2) differential inhibitory effects of metyrapone and 7,8-benzoflavone on AHH and ECOD activities.

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The in vitro effects of alkanes, alcohols, and ketones on rat lung cytochrome P450-dependent alkoxyphenoxazone dealkylase activities

Cited by 5 publications

References 20 publications

Molecular signatures of organic particulates as tracers of emission sources

Molecular signatures of organic particulates as tracers of emission sources

Nonideal behavior of alkoxyphenoxazone compounds (cytochrome P‐450 substrates) in aqueous solution

Biochemical effects of pembina cardium crude oil exposure in cattle

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