The In Vitro Synthesis of RNA within the Rat Nodose Ganglion Following Vagotomy

Langford, Christopher J.; Scheffer, J. W.; Jeffrey, Peter L.; Austin, L.

doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1980.tb11177.x

Cited by 26 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In both the axotomy and hormone-treated series, a transition point at the end of the first postoperative week was observed. The presence of two phases of the axon reaction has been documented by others, principally with regard to RNA synthesis (Langford et al, 1980;Austin et al, 1983;Wells, 1984Wells, , 1987. The significance of these two phases is unclear; however, it may be that the early phase represents events associated with generalized cellular stress, and the later phase represents events focused on rebuilding the severed axon.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Testosterone enhancement of the nerve cell body response to injury: evidence using in situ hybridization and ribosomal DNA probes

Kinderman

Jones

1993

J. Neurosci.

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In axotomized peripheral motoneurons capable of successful regeneration, one of the earliest morphological indicators of the injury response occurs within the nucleolus. In the initial part of this investigation, we mapped the nucleolar response of injured adult hamster facial motoneurons from a molecular perspective, utilizing in situ hybridization and ribosomal DNA probes complementary to stable rRNA. Recently, we have discovered that the gonadal steroid, testosterone propionate (TP), accelerates recovery from facial paralysis in the hamster by increasing the rate of regeneration of the fastest regrowing axons. In the second part of this study, the hypothesis that TP accomplishes these effects on facial nerve regeneration through an enhancement of the nerve cell body response to injury was tested using in situ hybridization and rDNA probes. Adult intact male hamsters were subjected to right facial nerve axotomies at the stylomastoid foramen. One-half of the axotomized animals received subcutaneous implants of TP, with the remainder sham implanted. In situ hybridization with tritiated rDNA probes was accomplished and levels of hybridizable rRNA assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Axotomy alone induced an upregulation in rRNA levels, with peak changes occurring by 24 hr postoperative and continuing through postoperative day 4. These molecular changes in the nucleolar response preceded, by a full day, any morphological signs of the nucleolar reactive pattern previously found in this cell type, and, as such, point to the usefulness of in situ hybridization as a tool to identify the earliest events associated with the axon reaction. A secondary smaller increase in rRNA levels was observed during the later stages of regeneration. TP significantly augmented the ribosomal response to injury, with levels of rRNA increased as early as 6 hr and the magnitude of the response greater than that occurring following axotomy alone. These results provide the first mechanistic step in the identification of the cellular processes underlying gonadal steroid augmentation of neuronal reparative processes. We conclude that TP accelerates the "switch" from a normal to a reparative state and suggest that this priming effect may be causally related to the differential effects of TP on the regenerative properties of this cell type.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Testosterone enhancement of the nerve cell body response to injury: evidence using in situ hybridization and ribosomal DNA probes

Kinderman

Jones

1993

J. Neurosci.

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“…Increased mRNA synthesis has been observed in sensory neurons following axotomy (Barron 1989;Langford et al 1980;Wells 1987). We have recently developed in situ hybridization methods using subtype-specific riboprobes that permit the analysis of sodium channel mRNA expression in identified cells (Black et al 1994a,b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Type III sodium channel mRNA is expressed in embryonic but not adult spinal sensory neurons, and is reexpressed following axotomy

Waxman

Kocsis²,

Black³

1994

Journal of Neurophysiology

507

292

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1. In situ hybridization with subtype-specific probes was used to ask whether there is a change in the types of sodium channels that are expressed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons after axotomy. 2. Types I and II sodium channel mRNA are expressed at moderate-to-high levels in control DRG neurons of adult rat, but type III sodium channel mRNA is not detectable. 3. When adult rat DRG neurons are examined by in situ hybridization 7-9 days following axotomy, type III sodium channel mRNA is expressed at moderate-to-high levels, in addition to types I and II mRNA that are present at relatively high levels. 4. To determine whether the expression of type III sodium channel mRNA following axotomy represents up-regulation of a gene that had been expressed at earlier developmental stages, we also studied DRG neurons from embryonic (E17) rats. In these embryonic DRG neurons, type I sodium channel mRNA is expressed at low levels, type II mRNA at high levels, and type III at high levels. 5. These results demonstrate altered expression of sodium channel mRNA in DRG neurons following axotomy, and suggest that in at least some DRG neurons, there is a de-differentiation after axotomy that includes a reversion to an embryonic mode of sodium channel expression. Different channel characteristics, as well as an altered spatial distribution of sodium channels, may contribute to the electrophysiological changes that are observed in axotomized neurons.

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“…The redirection of protein synthesis in the neuron during chromatolysis ultimately is under the control of the nucleus. In attempting to discover more precisely the possible locus of this control, past studies in this laboratory have concentrated on the early changes in metabolism of various forms in RNA following nerve injury (Gunning et al, 1977a,b;Langford et al, 1980;Moses et al, 1982). These studies revealed both qualitative and quantitative changes in RNA synthesized in the ganglia of nodose and sympathetic nerves following axotomy.…”

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confidence: 99%

Phosphorylation of Superior Cervical Ganglion Proteins During Regeneration

Watterson

Good

Moses

et al. 1989

Journal of Neurochemistry

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The incorporation of radioactive phosphate into proteins of both normal and regenerating ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system of the rat is reported. The incorporation reactions were carried out in vitro by incubating homogenates of excised ganglia with [gamma-32P]ATP under various conditions. It was found that incorporation of phosphate into proteins of regenerating ganglia in the molecular mass range 10,000-100,000 daltons increased up to 40% over incorporation into proteins from control ganglia during the first 3 days following injury and returned to control levels after 14 days. Analysis of the proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed that only few, i.e., less than 20, became radioactively labelled in homogenates of superior cervical ganglia in the presence of Ca2+, and even fewer in the presence of cyclic AMP. Furthermore, all these proteins fell within a narrow pI range of 4-6. The growth-associated protein, variously designated GAP-43, B-50, F-1, and pp46, has an enhanced level of expression and phosphorylation in regenerating ganglia compared with controls at day 3. Injury also caused consistently higher levels of incorporation into two other proteins with molecular masses at positions 55,000 and 85,000 and pI values of 5.1 and 4.5, respectively; the former protein most probably is beta-tubulin. The fact that both proteins are found in the 15,000 g pellet after the tissue has been solubilized in 0.5% nonionic detergent indicates that they may indeed by components of filament assemblies. Thus, the results suggest that protein phosphorylation is a mechanism involved in cytoskeletal function in regenerating nerve.

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The In Vitro Synthesis of RNA within the Rat Nodose Ganglion Following Vagotomy

Cited by 26 publications

References 17 publications

Testosterone enhancement of the nerve cell body response to injury: evidence using in situ hybridization and ribosomal DNA probes

Testosterone enhancement of the nerve cell body response to injury: evidence using in situ hybridization and ribosomal DNA probes

Type III sodium channel mRNA is expressed in embryonic but not adult spinal sensory neurons, and is reexpressed following axotomy

Phosphorylation of Superior Cervical Ganglion Proteins During Regeneration

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