The inactivating effect of Bothrops jararaca and Waglerophis merremii snake plasma on the coagulant activity of various snake venoms

Nahas, L; Kamiguti, Aura S.; Silva, M.C.C. Sousa e; Barros, Mário; Morena, P.

doi:10.1016/0041-0101(83)90008-9

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…An intriguing possibility is that this pattern is driven by the extreme toxicity of venom components and the diversity of tissues and physiological functions they disrupt (Mackessy, ), which may drive complex interactions between specific venom alleles and the genomic background to prevent or minimize autotoxicity or other deleterious effects. This diversity likely leads to broad variation in the degree of coevolution of venom alleles with other biological systems that protect rattlesnakes from the action of their own venoms (Nahas, Kamiguti, e Silva, de Barros, & Morena, ; Nichol, Douglas, & Peck, ; Noguchi, ). Variation in levels of venom–genome coevolution, together with geographic variation in prey‐specific venom allele effectiveness (Perez, Pichyangkul, & Garcia, ), may explain our findings that selection on venom‐linked loci is idiosyncratic between divergence and admixture despite broad enrichment of venom loci as targets of selection in both processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insight into the roles of selection in speciation from genomic patterns of divergence and introgression in secondary contact in venomous rattlesnakes

Schield

Adams

Card

et al. 2017

Ecology and Evolution

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Investigating secondary contact of historically isolated lineages can provide insight into how selection and drift influence genomic divergence and admixture. Here, we studied the genomic landscape of divergence and introgression following secondary contact between lineages of the Western Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) to determine whether genomic regions under selection in allopatry also contribute to reproductive isolation during introgression. We used thousands of nuclear loci to study genomic differentiation between two lineages that have experienced recent secondary contact following isolation, and incorporated sampling from a zone of secondary contact to identify loci that are resistant to gene flow in hybrids. Comparisons of patterns of divergence and introgression revealed a positive relationship between allelic differentiation and resistance to introgression across the genome, and greater‐than‐expected overlap between genes linked to lineage‐specific divergence and loci that resist introgression. Genes linked to putatively selected markers were related to prominent aspects of rattlesnake biology that differ between populations of Western Diamondback rattlesnakes (i.e., venom and reproductive phenotypes). We also found evidence for selection against introgression of genes that may contribute to cytonuclear incompatibility, consistent with previously observed biased patterns of nuclear and mitochondrial alleles suggestive of partial reproductive isolation due to cytonuclear incompatibilities. Our results provide a genome‐scale perspective on the relationships between divergence and introgression in secondary contact that is relevant for understanding the roles of selection in maintaining partial isolation of lineages, causing admixing lineages to not completely homogenize.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insight into the roles of selection in speciation from genomic patterns of divergence and introgression in secondary contact in venomous rattlesnakes

Schield

Adams

Card

et al. 2017

Ecology and Evolution

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“…Later, Nahas et al (1983) have also described the “inactivating effect” of B. jararaca plasma upon the coagulant activity of venom from 27 different snake species. Several inhibitors have already been identified in B. jararaca plasma and serum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential transcript profile of inhibitors with potential anti-venom role in the liver of juvenile and adultBothrops jararacasnake

Gomes

Buarque

et al. 2017

PeerJ

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BackgroundSnakes belonging to the Bothrops genus are vastly distributed in Central and South America and are responsible for most cases of reported snake bites in Latin America. The clinical manifestations of the envenomation caused by this genus are due to three major activities—proteolytic, hemorrhagic and coagulant—mediated by metalloproteinases, serine proteinases, phospholipases A2 and other toxic compounds present in snake venom. Interestingly, it was observed that snakes are resistant to the toxic effects of its own and other snake’s venoms. This natural immunity may occur due the absence of toxin target or the presence of molecules in the snake plasma able to neutralize such toxins.MethodsIn order to identify anti-venom molecules, we construct a cDNA library from the liver of B. jararaca snakes. Moreover, we analyzed the expression profile of four molecules—the already known anti-hemorrhagic factor Bj46a, one gamma-phospholipase A2 inhibitor, one inter-alpha inhibitor and one C1 plasma protease inhibitor—in the liver of juvenile and adult snakes by qPCR.ResultsThe results revealed a 30-fold increase of gamma-phospholipase A2 inhibitor and a minor increase of the inter-alpha inhibitor (5-fold) and of the C1 inhibitor (3-fold) in adults. However, the Bj46a factor seems to be equally transcribed in adults and juveniles.DiscussionThe results suggest the up-regulation of different inhibitors observed in the adult snakes might be a physiological adaptation to the recurrent contact with their own and even other snake’s venoms throughout its lifespan. This is the first comparative analysis of ontogenetic variation of expression profiles of plasmatic proteins with potential anti-venom activities of the venomous snake B. jararaca. Furthermore, the present data contributes to the understanding of the natural resistance described in these snakes.

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“…In this context, Nahas et al (1973) were the first to identify the presence of a natural inhibitor in the plasma of B. jararaca in 1973. Later, Nahas et al (1983) have also described the "inactivating effect" of B. jararaca plasma upon the coagulant activity of venom from 27 different snake species. Several inhibitors have already been identified in B. jararaca plasma and serum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Review #2 of "Differential transcript profile of inhibitors with potential anti-venom role in the liver of juvenile and adult Bothrops jararaca snake (v0.1)"

2017

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Background. Snakes belonging to the Bothrops genus are vastly distributed in Central and South America and are responsible for most cases of reported snake bites in Latin America. The clinical manifestations of the envenomation caused by this genus are due three major activities-proteolytic, hemorrhagic and coagulant-mediated by metalloproteinases, serine proteinases, phospholipases A 2 and other toxic compounds present in snake venom. Interestingly, it was observed that snakes are resistant to the toxic effects of its own and other snake's venoms. This natural immunity may occur due the absence of toxin target or the presence of molecules in the snake plasma able to neutralize such toxins. Methods. In order to identify anti-venom molecules, we construct a cDNA library from the liver of B. jararaca snakes. Moreover, we analyzed the expression profile of four molecules-the already known anti-hemorrhagic factor Bj46a, one gammaphospholipase A 2 inhibitor, one inter-alpha inhibitor and one C1 plasma protease inhibitorin the liver of juvenile and adult snakes by qPCR. Results. The results revealed a 30-fold increase of gamma-phospholipase A 2 inhibitor and a minor increase of the inter-alpha inhibitor (5-fold) and of the C1 inhibitor (3-fold) in adults. However, the Bj46a factor seems to be equally transcribed between adults and juveniles. Discussion. The results suggest the up-regulation of different inhibitors observed in the adult snakes might be a physiological adaptation to the recurrent contact with their own and even other snake's venoms throughout its lifespan. This is the first comparative analysis of ontogenetic variation of expression profiles of plasmatic proteins with potential anti-venom activities of

show abstract

The inactivating effect of Bothrops jararaca and Waglerophis merremii snake plasma on the coagulant activity of various snake venoms

Cited by 17 publications

References 9 publications

Insight into the roles of selection in speciation from genomic patterns of divergence and introgression in secondary contact in venomous rattlesnakes

Insight into the roles of selection in speciation from genomic patterns of divergence and introgression in secondary contact in venomous rattlesnakes

Differential transcript profile of inhibitors with potential anti-venom role in the liver of juvenile and adultBothrops jararacasnake

Peer Review #2 of "Differential transcript profile of inhibitors with potential anti-venom role in the liver of juvenile and adult Bothrops jararaca snake (v0.1)"

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