The incidence of hypertension and associated factors: The Israel ischemic heart disease study

Kahn, Harold A.; Medalie, Jack H.; Neufeld, Henry N.; Riss, E; Goldbourt, Uri

doi:10.1016/0002-8703(72)90331-6

Cited by 203 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This finding is supported by other researchers as well (Kahn, Medalie, Neufeld, Riss, & Goldbourt, 1972; McClelland, 1979; Falkner et al, 1979 Equally as important as the frequency and amount of anger experienced is the expression of the feelings, often described as "anger-in," and "anger-out." Anger-in is defined as "an unwillingness in a variety of oircumstances to express frustration-induced hostility and/or anger overtly, especially if the potential for interpersonal conflict would be heightened by such behavior" (Dembrosxi, MacDougall, Williams, Haney, & Blumenthal, 1985, p. 230).…”

Section: Cardiovascular Reactivitysupporting

confidence: 67%

“…This finding is supported by other researchers as well (Kahn, Medalie, Neufeld, Riss, & Goldbourt, 1972;McClelland, 1979;Falkner et al, 1979 A number of studies have found that reactivity, cardiovascular disease, and the frequency, intensity and expression of anger are positively interrelated (Schneider, · Egan, Johnson, Drobny, & Julius, 1986;Dembroski, 1 Macßougall, Williams, & Haney, 1984). Spielberger, Jacobs, Russel and Crane (1983), defined anger as "an emotional state that consists of feelings that vary in intensity, from mild irritation or annoyance to fury and rage" (p. 160).…”

Section: Cardiovascular Reactivitysupporting

confidence: 52%

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Anger and denial as predictors of cardiovascular reactivity in women

Emerson

Harrison

1990

J Psychopathol Behav Assess

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Behavioral and physiological reactivity, and its relationship to cardiovascular disease has been studied in men for a number of years, and the expression of anger has been identified as a possible contributing factor. Few studies, however, have focused specifically on the reactivity of women, and those which have suggest that women are less reactive to laboratory tasks than men. For the present study, 45 undergraduate women, ages 19-21 were selected from a larger sample of 135 women to represent three discrete groups: (1) low anger/low denial, (2) high anger/low denial, and (3) low anger/high denial, based on their scores on the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, 1 and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. It was hypothesized that the three groups would show reliable differences in heart rate and blood pressure during presentation of a stressful laboratory stimulus, the Stroop Color and Word Test. Each subject received three counterbalanced conditions: (1) no feedback, (2) error feedback without observer present, (3) error feedback with observer present. As hypothesized, women who reported a high level of denial and a low level of anger exhibited reliably greater systolic blood pressure to the no-feedback condition than subjects who reported low levels of denial and anger. The hypothesis that all groups°w ould display greater reactivity in a condition which T provided error feedback with observation was not supported. (Eliot, Buell & Dembroski, 1982;Obrist, 1981). The reasons for this are still somewhat unclear.Investigations of the etiology and effects of hyperreactivity have followed three independent, yet seemingly related, lines of research. As early as 1911, Walter Cannon addressed the association between anger and the neuroendocrine mediation of the "fight-flight" response, the physiological reactivity associated with the mobilization of energy. Much later, in the early 1950's, investigators studying the relationship between cardiovascular reactivity and hypertension found that Cardiovascular Reactivity 1 compared to normotensives, hypertensive individuals manifested larger systolic blood pressure increases to stimuli which elicited both pain and anger (Schacter, 1957).Concurrently, other researchers utilized a harrassment paradigm with men to study the effects of psychological stress on hypertension. They found that individuals could be grouped according to whether or not they expressed their feelings (especially those of anger and anxiety), and that these groups evidenced differential degrees of reactivity in blood pressure and heart rate (Funkenstein, King, & Drolette, 1954).A third line of investigation focused on coronary heart disease. Friedman and Rosenman (1961) (1982), Contrada (1984), and. A 1 portion of this data will be discussed here. (Glass, 1983;Eliot, 1979;Haft, 1974; Raab, Chaplin, & Bajusc, 1989; Ardlie, Glew, & Schwartz, 1968). These effects have been observed in animals (Manuck, Kaplan, & Clarkson, 1983a;1985a) and also in acute and chronic studies of humans (Franke...

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Section: Cardiovascular Reactivitysupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Cardiovascular Reactivitysupporting

confidence: 52%

Anger and denial as predictors of cardiovascular reactivity in women

Emerson

Harrison

1990

J Psychopathol Behav Assess

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“…Such findings have been reported with anxiety, tension and neuroticism. 33 36,37 However, other studies have not found such relationships.38 42 We detected no association between psychologic status and blood pressure. However, the psychologic measures available to us may not have been sensitive enough to detect subtle relationships.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…In our study, the subscapular skinfold thickness was positively and independently associated with systolic pressure slope. Kahn et al 33 reported that both subscapular skinfold thickness and relative weight were associated with subsequent elevation of blood pressure; however, no multivariate analysis was performed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors in predicting blood pressure change.

Sparrow¹,

Garvey²,

Rosner³

et al. 1982

Circulation

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hypertension.5 Measures to prevent the development of high blood pressure would presumably be even more effective. It is generally accepted that weight, heart rate, blood glucose, salt and alcohol consumption, hematocrit and smoking status correlate with blood pressure levels.68" However, with few exceptions, these studies have been cross-sectional, so it is not clear whether these correlated conditions predate, accompany, or occur after elevation in blood pressure. Data collected by the Normative Aging Study allow prospective examination of the effects of these and other factors on the subsequent rate of change in blood pressure and on the development of elevated levels of blood pressure. A sample of men recruited from the Boston area has been under surveillence since 1963. The subjects who were initially normotensive

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“…Although the epidemiological association between obesity and level of blood pressure has been well established, 27 the pathophysiological mechanism by which obesity influences blood pressure is not completely understood. The mass of fat may play a role in raising blood pressure by raising cardiac output with a …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Race and sex differences in the correlates of blood pressure change.

et al. 1988

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SUMMARY Potential predictors of systolic and diastolic blood pressure change between 1960 and 1967 in the biracial population of Evans County, Georgia, were investigated. An all possible regressions multiple linear regression analysis was used. For systolic blood pressure change, the level of systolic blood pressure, age, and change in Quetelet index were significant (p < 0.05) correlates in white men. The level of systolic blood pressure, the level and change of socioeconomic status, change in Quetelet index, and change in cholesterol were significant correlates for white women. The level of Quetelet index was of borderline significance (p < 0.055) when the other significant variables were included in the model for white women. The change in Quetelet index was the only significant correlate of systolic blood pressure change in blacks. For diastolic blood pressure change, age, change in hematocrit, and change in Quetelet index were significant correlates for white men. Age, level and change of socioeconomic status,'level and change of Quetelet index, and change in hematocrit were the significant correlates in white women. In black men, change in Quetelet index and age were significant. In black women, only age was a significant correlate of diastolic blood pressure change. These results indicate that there may be important differences in these correlates between race-sex groups and thus in the mechanism of blood pressure change for different race-sex groups. (Hypertension 11: 249-255, 1988) KEY WORDS race • sex blood pressure Quetelet index systolic blood pressure • diastolic blood pressure E LEVATED blood pressure has been shown to be a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. 1 " 4 Epidemiological studies have shown that blood pressure is continuously distributed in populations, with the associated risk of morbidity and mortality increasing as blood pressure levels increase. 4 In a number of studies, age, sex, race, obesity, heart rate, blood glucose, hematocrit, and socioeconomic status have been shown to correlate with blood pressure levels. 5 ' 13Blood pressure levels in individuals are not static, however. Most of the studies on the determinants of the level of blood pressure have been cross-sectional in From the

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The incidence of hypertension and associated factors: The Israel ischemic heart disease study

Cited by 203 publications

References 14 publications

Anger and denial as predictors of cardiovascular reactivity in women

Anger and denial as predictors of cardiovascular reactivity in women

Factors in predicting blood pressure change.

Race and sex differences in the correlates of blood pressure change.

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