The Incidence of Injuries and Hazards in Recreational and Fitness Runners

Casperaen, C. J.; Powell, Kenneth E.; Koplan, JeffreyP.; Shirley, R.; Campbell, C. C.; Sikes, R K

doi:10.1249/00005768-198404000-00050

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Running is one of the most popular recreational activities, but runners are also one of the most common groups to incur overuse injuries [6,19]. Given that an estimated 20-80 % of runners are injured annually, a great deal of research has focused on running and running related injuries.…”

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Impact Accelerations of Barefoot and Shod Running

2016

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During the ground contact phase of running, the body?s mass is rapidly decelerated resulting in forces that propagate through the musculoskeletal system. The repetitive attenuation of these impact forces is thought to contribute to overuse injuries. Modern running shoes are designed to reduce impact forces, with the goal to minimize running related overuse injuries. Additionally, the fore/mid foot strike pattern that is adopted by most individuals when running barefoot may reduce impact force transmission. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of the barefoot running form (fore/mid foot strike & decreased stride length) and running shoes on running kinetics and impact accelerations. 10 healthy, physically active, heel strike runners ran in 3 conditions: shod, barefoot and barefoot while heel striking, during which 3-dimensional motion analysis, ground reaction force and accelerometer data were collected. Shod running was associated with increased ground reaction force and impact peak magnitudes, but decreased impact accelerations, suggesting that the midsole of running shoes helps to attenuate impact forces. Barefoot running exhibited a similar decrease in impact accelerations, as well as decreased impact peak magnitude, which appears to be due to a decrease in stride length and/or a more plantarflexed position at ground contact.

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confidence: 99%

Impact Accelerations of Barefoot and Shod Running

2016

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“…A large and vexing problem that is continually encountered by sports medicine practitioners is the high frequency of running-related injuries (6,9,10,18). Such injuries are commonly known as "overuse injuries," probably because when this term was first used, the injuries were observed mainly in competitive distance runners as they increased their training mileage.…”

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“…The types of injuries considered to be running related, mainly involve injury 10 bone and connective tissue in the lower extremities. There has been some variability in classification systems, but there can be little doubt sports medicine practitioners face a similar array and frequency of running-related injuries (6,10) (Fig. 1).…”

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confidence: 99%

Running-related injury prevention through barefoot adaptations

Robbins

Hanna

1987

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

177

147

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A number of reports indicate an extremely low running-related injury frequency in barefoot populations in contrast to reports about shod populations. It is hypothesized that the adaptations which produce shock absorption, an inherent consequence of barefoot activity and a mechanism responsible for the low injury frequency in unshod populations, are related to deflection of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot on loading. It is also hypothesized that the known inability of this arch of the shod foot to deflect without failure (foot rigidity) is responsible for the high injury frequency in shod populations. To evaluate these hypotheses, 17 recreational runners were analyzed to study the adaptive pattern of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot due to increased barefoot weightbearing activity. Changes occurred in the medial longitudinal arch which allowed deflection of this arch on loading which substantiated the hypotheses. Other evidence suggests that sensory feedback largely from the glabrous epithelium of the foot is the element of barefoot activity which induced these adaptations. The sensory insulation inherent in the modem running shoe appears responsible for the high injury frequency associated with running. The injuries are considered "pseudo-neuropathic" in nature.

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“…Running is one of the most widespread activities during which overuse injuries of the lower extremity occur (Hreljac, 2004). It has been estimated that up to 70% of runners will sustain an overuse injury during any one year period (Caspersen et al, 1984). Previous work has shown that impact forces and high loading rates are linked to injury rates in runners (Davis, Bowser, & Mullineaux, 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%