The incidence of psychoactive substances and alcohol among impaired drivers in Denmark in 2015–2019.

Simonsen, Kirsten Wiese; Hasselstrøm, Jørgen B.; Hermansen, Simon Kjær; Rasmussen, Brian Schou; Andreasen, Mette Findal; Christoffersen, Dorte; Línnet, Kristían

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111207

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Recently, Willeman et al presented trends in drivers for drugs of abuse from more than 3000 analyses of oral fluid samples over a period of 4 years in France. 33 Cannabis was the drug most frequently detected as previously observed in the last few years in other European countries such as Hungary, 34 Denmark, 35 and Switzerland. 36 As observed, cannabis consumption is more frequent and particularly in young people (under 22 years old).…”

Section: Oral Fluid Analysismentioning

confidence: 78%

Identification and quantification of both isomers of hexahydrocannabinol, (9R)‐hexahydrocannabinol and (9S)‐hexahydrocannabinol, in three different matrices by mass spectrometry

Bottinelli,

Baradian,

Poly

et al. 2024

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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ContextHexahydrocannabinol (HHC), a compound derived from synthetic production using cannabidiol (CBD) or delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC), has gained recent attention due to its presence in seized materials across Europe. Sold legally in various forms, HHC poses potential health risks, particularly as a legal alternative to THC in some countries. Despite its historical description in the 1940s, limited toxicology data, pharmacological understanding, and analytical methods for HHC exist.MethodThis study proposes analytical techniques using mass spectrometry to detect, identify, and quantify (9R)‐HHC and (9S)‐HHC, concurrently with THC and CBD in various matrices, including oral fluid, whole blood, and seized material. Three distinct methods were employed for different matrices: GC/MS for seized material, GC/MS/MS for whole blood, and UHPLC/MS/MS for oral fluid. Methods were validated qualitatively for oral fluid with a FLOQSwab® device and quantitatively in whole blood and seized material according to Peters et al's recommendations and ICH guidelines.ResultsValidated methods were considered reliable in detecting and quantifying HHC isomers in terms of repeatability, reproducibility, and linearity with r2 systematically >0.992. These methods were applied to authentic cases, including seized materials and biological samples from traffic control (whole blood and oral fluid). In seized materials, (9R)‐HHC levels ranged from 2.09% to 8.85% and (9R)‐HHC/(9S)‐HHC ratios varied from 1.36 to 2.68. In whole blood sample, (9R)‐HHC and (9S)‐HHC concentrations were, respectively, 2.38 and 1.39 ng/mL. For all analyzed samples, cannabinoids such as THC and CBD were also detected.ConclusionThis research contributes analytical insights into differentiating and simultaneously analyzing (9R)‐HHC and (9S)‐HHC, using widely applicable mass spectrometric methods. The study emphasizes the need for vigilance among toxicologists, as new semisynthetic cannabinoids continue to emerge in Europe, with potential health implications. The findings underscore the importance of reliable analytical methods for monitoring these compounds in forensic and clinical settings.

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Section: Oral Fluid Analysismentioning

confidence: 78%

Identification and quantification of both isomers of hexahydrocannabinol, (9R)‐hexahydrocannabinol and (9S)‐hexahydrocannabinol, in three different matrices by mass spectrometry

Bottinelli,

Baradian,

Poly

et al. 2024

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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“…Benzodiazepines have been the most frequently detected class of medicinal drugs in DUID cases, constituting 29-55% of annual cases from 1997 to 2006 in Eastern Denmark (Steentoft et al, 2010), and 12.3% of investigated DUID samples from across Denmark between 2015 and 2019 were positive for a common benzodiazepine (Simonsen et al, 2022). When comparing the 99 DBZDs detected in 13,514 data files in the present study, which is less than 1%, the use of DBZDs compared with conventional benzodiazepines among drivers in the eastern part of Denmark must be considered low.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Benzodiazepines are a group of substances widely prescribed for the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal, and epilepsy. Benzodiazepines were the group of medicinal drugs most frequently detected above the legal threshold in driving-under-the-influence-of-drugs (DUID) cases in Denmark from 2015 to 2019 (Simonsen et al, 2022). In recent years, there has been an increase in designer and uncommon benzodiazepines (DBZDs) on the illicit drug market (Orsolini et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new strategy for efficient retrospective data analyses for designer benzodiazepines in large LC-HRMS datasets

Mardal

2022

Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique

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Automated enzymatic hydrolysis of urine samples for improved systematic toxicological analysis of drug‐facilitated sexual assault cases

Skov,

Johansen,

Linnet

et al. 2024

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Drug‐facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) is characterized by victim incapacitation due to intoxicating substances. Detection of single drug exposure from DFSA requires a systematic toxicological analysis strategy including sensitive methods covering a broad spectrum of substances. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an UHPLC–MS/MS screening method for analysis of samples from DFSA cases and incorporate an automated enzymatic pre‐treatment of urine samples into a robotic sample preparation for an efficient laboratory workflow. The screening method included 144 drugs of abuse, pharmaceuticals, and metabolites relevant to DFSA. The use of a recombinant enzyme showed an efficient glucuronide hydrolysis with an average parent drug recovery of 97%. Investigation of matrix effect showed no pronounced ion enhancement or suppression for most analytes (96%), and extraction recovery was above 80% for 97% of analytes. Process efficiency ranged from 50% to 138% for most analytes. The LODs ranged from 0.0001 mg/L to 2 mg/L depending on analyte, and most analytes met the SOFT recommended minimum performance limits. The validated method was applied to authentic suspected DFSA cases (n = 38). Results showed that drugs of abuse, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants were most commonly found in suspected DFSA cases. Incorporation of an automated enzymatic hydrolysis step during sample preparation enables a fast and simple workflow for simultaneous analysis of blood and urine samples for an improved systematic toxicological analysis strategy for DFSA cases.

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The incidence of psychoactive substances and alcohol among impaired drivers in Denmark in 2015–2019.

Cited by 10 publications

References 31 publications

Identification and quantification of both isomers of hexahydrocannabinol, (9R)‐hexahydrocannabinol and (9S)‐hexahydrocannabinol, in three different matrices by mass spectrometry

Identification and quantification of both isomers of hexahydrocannabinol, (9R)‐hexahydrocannabinol and (9S)‐hexahydrocannabinol, in three different matrices by mass spectrometry

A new strategy for efficient retrospective data analyses for designer benzodiazepines in large LC-HRMS datasets

Automated enzymatic hydrolysis of urine samples for improved systematic toxicological analysis of drug‐facilitated sexual assault cases

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