The incidence of schizophrenia in European immigrants to Canada

Smith, Geoff; Boydell, Jane; Murray, Robin M.; Flynn, Sean W.; McKay, Kyla A.; Sherwood, Megan C.; Honer, William G.

doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.024

Cited by 49 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Study characteristics are presented in Table 1 and their effect sizes are listed in Table 2. Among the retrieved studies, nine were conducted in the UK (Rwegellera, 1977 ;Hitch & Clegg, 1980 ;Bebbington et al 1981 ;Dean et al 1981 ;Cochrane & Bal, 1987 ;Harrison et al 1988 ;Castle et al 1991 ;Thomas et al 1993 ;Coid et al 2008), three in The Netherlands (Selten & Sijben, 1994 ;Selten et al 1997 ;Veling et al 2006), three in Sweden (Zolkowska et al 2001 ;Leao et al 2006), two in Israel (Corcoran et al 2008 ;Weiser et al 2008), two in Denmark (Cantor-Graae et al 2003 ;Cantor-Graae & Pedersen, 2007), one in Australia (Krupinski & Cochrane, 1980) and one in Canada (Smith et al 2006). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A meta-analysis of the risk for psychotic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The single North American study was conducted recently but was based on hospital data from the early twentieth century (Smith et al 2006). Despite its much earlier observation period, it met all inclusion criteria and it used methods similar to that of contemporary studies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A meta-analysis of the risk for psychotic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…8 However, there is a notable lack of current epidemiological information on the incidence of psychosis among these groups. 9 Hospital admission data from the early 1900s suggest that European migrants to British Columbia had a higher incidence of schizophrenia than the general population, 10 and more recent data from Ontario suggest higher rates of hospital admission for psychotic disorders in areas with a large proportion of first-generation migrants. 11 The fact that a large and increasing proportion of Canada's population are migrants has been cited as a potential explanation for the higher prevalence of schizophrenia compared with international estimates.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of psychotic disorders among first-generation immigrants and refugees in Ontario

Anderson

Cheng

Süsser

et al. 2015

CMAJ

117

125

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Evidence suggests that migrant groups have an increased risk of psychotic disorders and that the level of risk varies by country of origin and host country. Canadian evidence is lacking on the incidence of psychotic disorders among migrants. We sought to examine the incidence of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders in first-generation immigrants and refugees in the province of Ontario, relative to the general population. Methods:We constructed a retrospective cohort that included people aged 14-40 years residing in Ontario as of Apr. 1, 1999. Population-based administrative data from physician billings and hospital admissions were linked to data from Citizenship and Immigration Canada. We used Poisson regression models to calculate age-and sex-adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for immigrant and refugee groups over a 10-year period.Results: In our cohort (n = 4 284 694), we found higher rates of psychotic disorders among immigrants from the Caribbean and Bermuda (IRR 1.60, 95% CI 1.29-1.98). Lower rates were found among immigrants from northern Europe (IRR 0.50, 95% CI 0.28-0.91), southern Europe (IRR 0.60, 95% CI 0.41-0.90) and East Asia (IRR 0.56, 95% CI 0.41-0.78). Refugee status was an independent predictor of risk among all migrants (IRR 1.27, 95% CI 1.04-1.56), and higher rates were found specifically for refugees from East Africa (IRR 1.95, 95% CI 1.44-2.65) and South Asia (IRR 1.51, 95% CI 1.08-2.12). Interpretation:The differential pattern of risk across ethnic subgroups in Ontario suggests that psychosocial and cultural factors associated with migration may contribute to the risk of psychotic disorders. Some groups may be more at risk, whereas others are protected. AbstractCMAJ Podcasts: author interview at soundcloud.com/cmajpodcasts/psychotic-disorders See also www.cmaj.ca/lookup

show abstract

“…Morgan and Andrushko 12 reported that rates of admissions for schizophrenia were higher for native-born Canadians than foreign-born populations (rate ratio of schizophrenia admissions by foreign-born people divided by schizophrenia admissions by native-born people: males 0.87; females 0.71). The second Canadian study 13 assessed psychiatric admissions in British Columbia between 1902 and 1913. These results were consistent with European findings.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

First- Generation Immigrants and Hospital Admission Rates for Psychosis and Affective Disorders: An Ecological Study in Ontario

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: The immigrant population in Canada, and particularly in Ontario, is increasing. Our ecological study first assessed if there was an association between areas with proportions of first-generation immigrations and admissions rates for psychotic and affective disorders. Second, this study examined if area-level risks would persist after controlling for area socioeconomic factors in census-derived geographical areas-Forward Sortation Areas (FSAs)-in Ontario.Methods: Ontario's inpatient admission records from 1996 to 2005 and census data from 2001 were analyzed to derive FSA rates of first admissions for psychotic disorders and affective disorders per 100 000 person-years. Negative binomial regression models were adjusted, first, for FSA age and sex and, second, also for FSA population density and average income.Results: Using age-and sex-adjusted models, admission rates for psychotic disorders were higher in areas with greater proportions of immigrants. These areas were associated with lower admission rates for affective disorders. When FSA average income and population density were added to the models, the influence of immigrants was attenuated to nonsignificant levels in models predicting psychotic disorders admission rates. However, greater proportions of immigrants remained significantly protective when predicting rates of affective disorders. Discussion: Our study provides insight about the influence of area-level variables on risk of admission for psychotic and affective disorders in high immigrant areas. There is a dearth of current Canadian research on immigrant admission for psychotic disorders at the individual or area level. Future area-and individual-level studies may better identify groups at risk and possible explanations.Can J Psychiatry. 2011;56(7):418-426. Clinical Implications• Health care administrators may want to consider factors related to the immigrant experience, such as economic deprivation and high population density, when planning culturally sensitive services for affective and psychotic disorders.• There is a need to further investigate immigrant risk for psychotic and affective disorders in Canada, both in clinical and in research settings. Limitations• It is unknown if the observed area-level effects persist at the individual level.• Our study could not disentangle the impact of social and immigration factors on admission risk at the individual level.• Our study does not address pathways to care.

show abstract

The incidence of schizophrenia in European immigrants to Canada

Cited by 49 publications

References 27 publications

A meta-analysis of the risk for psychotic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants

A meta-analysis of the risk for psychotic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants

Incidence of psychotic disorders among first-generation immigrants and refugees in Ontario

First- Generation Immigrants and Hospital Admission Rates for Psychosis and Affective Disorders: An Ecological Study in Ontario

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About