The incidence of wound infection following crotalid envenomation

Clark, Richard F.; Selden, Brad S; Furbee, Brent

doi:10.1016/0736-4679(93)90313-v

Cited by 79 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…10,22,23 The bacterial compositions vary among snake species and may be influenced by venom properties 9,19,24 and the fecal flora of the prey in different geographic regions. 23 Laboratory bacteriological investigations of aerobic isolates from the venom and oral cavities of the North American pit viper Crotalus atrox demonstrated a preponderance of enteric and coliform organisms, particularly Aerobacter, Proteus, and Pseudomonas, with Clostridium as the most common anaerobic genus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of fever and one of the above criteria also satisfied the definition of wound infection. 19 Fever is arbitrarily defined as a body temperature above 38°C as measured with a tympanic thermometer, a device commonly used in both hospitals. If no abnormalities were mentioned in the case notes, it was assumed that no complication was present.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22 For example, a low incidence of wound infection was documented in snakebites from certain crotaline species, despite the isolation of several pathogens from the snake venom. 19,23,29 Furthermore, the antibacterial effect of crotaline snake venom was previously described, [7][8][9]24 and prophylactic antibiotics have not been found to reduce the incidence of wound infection in prospective evaluations. 30,31 In Taiwan, the crotaline snakes T. stejnegeri and P. mucrosquamatus cause more than 70% of all snakebite incidents 2 ; however, these species rarely induce wound infections after envenomation.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Bacteriology of Naja atra Snakebite Wound and Its Implications for Antibiotic Therapy

Mao¹,

Liu²,

Hung³

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. A total of 112 cases of Naja atra envenomation were examined at two referring hospitals: Taichung Veterans General Hospital in central Taiwan and Taipei Veterans General Hospital (VGH-TP) in northern Taiwan. Overall, 77% (86/112) of cases developed clinically suspected wound infections and 54% (61/112) required surgery secondary to tissue necrosis, finger or toe gangrene, and/or necrotizing fasciitis. Morganella morganii was the most abundant gramnegative bacterial strain isolated from bite wounds, followed by Proteus spp., Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Providencia spp. in descending order; Enterococcus spp. were the most common gram-positive bacteria and Bacteroides spp. were the only anaerobic bacteria. A few episodes of bacteremia were caused by Bacteroides and Shewanella spp. There were no significant variations in the distribution of bacterial species between these two hospitals except for a higher incidence of M. morganii, Enterococcus spp., and polymicrobial infection observed at VGH-TP, which may have been related to variations in the fecal flora of prey and oral flora of individual snakes in different geographic areas in Taiwan. According to the susceptibility test involving various pathogens, first-line drug options for the management of N. atra snakebite wound infections may include monotherapy with ureidopenicillin or combination therapy with aminopenicillin and a third-generation cephalosporin or fluoroquinolone. A prospective evaluation of empiric antibiotic therapy for the management of N. atra snakebite should be considered.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacteriology of Naja atra Snakebite Wound and Its Implications for Antibiotic Therapy

Mao¹,

Liu²,

Hung³

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Clostridia are the predominant anaerobic bacteria cultured in some previous studies [8,9]. However, the value of antibiotics for local swelling has been disputed by other studies [10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Routine antibiotic therapy in the management of the local inflammatory swelling in venomous snakebites: results of a placebo-controlled study

et al. 2009

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“…In a study of venoms from three crotalid species, it was noted that the venom had some antibacterial activity against staphylococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Proteus, and Morganella species but not against anaerobic isolates (207). This potential antibacterial property of venom may have some antagonistic role in the overall pathogenesis of infection after envenomation injuries and may explain the observed low incidence of wound infection in snake bite victims (18,44,132,150).…”

Section: Reptilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiology of Animal Bite Wound Infections

2011

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SUMMARY The microbiology of animal bite wound infections in humans is often polymicrobial, with a broad mixture of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Bacteria recovered from infected bite wounds are most often reflective of the oral flora of the biting animal, which can also be influenced by the microbiome of their ingested prey and other foods. Bacteria may also originate from the victim's own skin or the physical environment at the time of injury. Our review has focused on bite wound infections in humans from dogs, cats, and a variety of other animals such as monkeys, bears, pigs, ferrets, horses, sheep, Tasmanian devils, snakes, Komodo dragons, monitor lizards, iguanas, alligators/crocodiles, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, prairie dogs, swans, and sharks. The medical literature in this area has been made up mostly of small case series or case reports. Very few studies have been systematic and are often limited to dog or cat bite injuries. Limitations of studies include a lack of established or inconsistent criteria for an infected wound and a failure to utilize optimal techniques in pathogen isolation, especially for anaerobic organisms. There is also a lack of an understanding of the pathogenic significance of all cultured organisms. Gathering information and conducting research in a more systematic and methodical fashion through an organized research network, including zoos, veterinary practices, and rural clinics and hospitals, are needed to better define the microbiology of animal bite wound infections in humans.

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The incidence of wound infection following crotalid envenomation

Cited by 79 publications

References 8 publications

Bacteriology of Naja atra Snakebite Wound and Its Implications for Antibiotic Therapy

Bacteriology of Naja atra Snakebite Wound and Its Implications for Antibiotic Therapy

Routine antibiotic therapy in the management of the local inflammatory swelling in venomous snakebites: results of a placebo-controlled study

Microbiology of Animal Bite Wound Infections

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