The Inclusion of Palm Oil Ash Biomass Waste in Concrete: A Literature Review

Abstract

Oil palm ash (OPA) is a waste material produced by countries having a blooming palm oil industry. Recycling of oil palm ash is receiving increasing attention because of its huge potential in improving economic benefits and environmental awareness. Recently, it has been used as a partial replacement to cement in concrete, mortar and other cementitious materials. OPA is considered a new member of the supplementary cementing materials. Therefore, it is imperative to have a complete understanding of this material and its effects. In this chapter, a thorough literature review involving OPA will be presented. The physical and chemical properties of OPA will be listed as well as its effect when used as a partial cement replacement on the fresh state, mechanical and durability properties of a number of cementitious products. Capitalising such waste products in the production of concrete will not only benefit the recycling chain process but also produce a green product which enables the reduction of cement quantities used and also produce an energyefficient building material.

A Review of the Emulsification Method for Alternative Fuels Used in Diesel Engines

“…Therefore, for emulsion preparation, the emulsifier with the optimum function ought to be utilised to prevent unstable emulsions resulting from an improper surfactant concentration. Awang and May investigated seven different kinds of possible emulsifiers and discovered that the volume ratio/amount of surfactant employed during the emulsion must be within a certain range as it has a significant consequence on the emulsion's constancy [105]. Because of the polydispersity surfactant micelles at (W/O), the emulsion is volatile at low surfactant dilutions because of oil droplet accumulation [106].…”

Performance of palm oil‐based dihydroxystearic acid as ionizable molecule in waterborne polyurethane dispersions

“…as described in Malaysian Patent PI 9,804,456. [18][19][20][21][22] Both DMPA and DHSA are molecules with three functional groups namely two hydroxyl groups and one carboxylic group. The difference between both molecules is the carbon chain length, where DMPA ( Figure 1) has a shorter carbon length of C 5 whereas DHSA ( Figure 2) has a longer carbon chain length of C 18 .…”