The inclusive business model revisited: An “extended resource‐based theory” (re)definition built on the investigation of three diversified inclusive enterprises in France

Abstract

The inclusive business model concerns organizations whose strategic intent is to include in their value creation predominantly people who are being wasted by the dominant practices of actors on the market due to a presumption of negative performance. Inclusive business models have been initially defined by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The "extended resource-based theory" proposes a new typology of resources, which includes the "wasted" resource notion. The strategic intent is being seen as a main component of the business model and plays an interface role. Inclusive enterprises predominantly employ people who are excluded from the workplace. The suggested definition of the inclusive business model is extended to any form of organization fighting against social exclusion and it specifies that the included vulnerable people must be the majority among the human resources. Through the "extended resource-based theory" prism, inclusive organizations have both alternative perception and intention toward wasted human resources and inclusive business models realize this alternative intent. This renewed view of the inclusive business model could facilitate its appropriation and application by both practitioners and researchers, and both in developed and in developing countries. JEL Classification Codes: L31, M10, M12, M14, M51, O15, O35.

Business model innovation by international social purpose organizations: The role of dynamic capabilities

“…By combining sector-specific logics, resources, and stakeholders (Doherty et al, 2014); cultivating a culture of open innovation due to a prevailing 'non-zero sum competition' mind-set (Haigh et al, 2015); recognizing underserviced market segment needs and conditions (that are typically ignored by mainstream businesses/governments) (Alijani and Karyotis, 2019), the crossfertilization process in SPO BMs can become "a fountain of innovation" (Alberti and Varon Garrido, 2017, p. 4) and create pioneered, yet feasible, mechanisms for the delivery of unique public value. Organizations such as the Khan Academy (that offers high-quality low-cost online education content) (Santos et al, 2015), SunnyMoney (that pioneered the provision of affordable renewable energy solutions in Africa) (MacLean and Brass, 2015), and Specialisterne (which creates jobs for people with autism in the software development domain) (Ranjatoelina, 2018) are just examples of how SPOs can innovatively go beyond the capacity of 'pure' organizations belonging to a single sector.…”

Negócios inclusivos liderados por mulheres empreendedoras: busca por avanços teóricos e empíricos

“…Por essa definição, o modelo de negócios inclusivos está centrado na inclusão das pessoas pobres, seja como consumidores, mão de obra, seja como fornecedores na cadeia produtiva. Em países desenvolvidos, tal modelo foca, principalmente, o emprego de trabalhadores excluídos (Márquez et al, 2009;Ranjatoelina, 2018). Nesse contexto, o crescimento inclusivo teria o potencial de reduzir os trade-offs entre crescimento e desigualdade porque os pobres se tornam clientes, funcionários, proprietários, fornecedores e membros da comunidade (George, McGahan, & Prabhu, 2012, pp.…”

“…O modelo de negócio inclusivo diz respeito às organizações cuja intenção estratégica é incluir, em sua criação de valor, predominantemente, pessoas que estão sendo desperdiçadas pelas práticas dominantes dos atores do mercado em função de presumirem que elas possuem um desempenho negativo. Além disso, os negócios inclusivos podem ser entendidos como um tipo de organização que luta contra a exclusão social e, nesse contexto, as pessoas vulneráveis incluídas devem ser a maioria entre os recursos humanos (Ranjatoelina, 2018). Hahn (2012) foca sua análise em como os modelos de negócios inclusivos afetam a dignidade dos pobres, considerando os direitos humanos (liberdade, segurança, provisões e autoestima) como subcategorias da dignidade humana.…”

Female-led Inclusive businesses: a search for theoretical and empirical advances

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