The income inequality and carbon emissions trade-off revisited

Rojas-Vallejos, Jorge; Lastuka, Amy

doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111302

Cited by 80 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…However, with the continuous progress of China's low‐carbon transition, the increasingly close relationship between carbon emissions and income inequality can be expected and requires continuous attention. In addition, unlike Mittmann and De Mattos (2020), Rojas‐Vallejos and Lastuka (2020), and Zhang and Zhao (2014), we did not find the significant effects of income inequality on carbon emissions.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 97%

“…Following the prior studies, we used land transport, namely the highway infrastructure and railway infrastructure, that dominate the movement of materials and population in China, to represent transport infrastructure. Consistent with most existing studies, we adopted real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita to serve economic growth (e.g., Chen & Haynes, 2017; Zhang & Zhang, 2020) and used carbon emissions per capita (CO 2 per capita) to represent carbon emissions (e.g., Rojas‐Vallejos & Lastuka, 2020; Zhang & Zhang, 2020). Thus, we formed the following GMM model:

\begin{matrix} I n e q u a l i t y_{i, t} = β_{0} + β_{1} i n e q u a l i t y_{i, t ‐ 1} + β_{2} h i g h w a y_{i, t} + β_{3} r a i l w a y_{i, t} \\ + β_{4} G D P p e r c a p i t a_{i, t} + β_{5} C O_{2} p e r c a p i t a_{i, t} + ε_{i, t}, \end{matrix}

…”

Section: Methods and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors found that income inequality has a more significant impact on carbon emissions in the east than in the west. Mittmann and De Mattos (2020) and Rojas‐Vallejos and Lastuka (2020) concluded that income inequality significantly affects carbon emissions; however, the direction of the impact depends on income levels. Liobikienė (2020) argued that the effects of income inequality on carbon emissions rely on regional characteristics.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The relationship between China's income inequality and transport infrastructure, economic growth, and carbon emissions

Zhang

Zhang²

2021

Growth and Change

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Since the beginning of the 21st century, accompanied by the tremendous achievements of China's economic growth is an increasingly severe income gap between the rich and the poor. Based on panel data from 2000 to 2018, this study systematically examined the relationship among transport infrastructure, economic growth, carbon emissions, and income inequality in China, using the panel vector autoregressive model estimated by the generalized method of moments. We further divided China into three regions to investigate the regional heterogeneity of these relationships. The results show a long‐run equilibrium relationship between transport infrastructure, economic growth, carbon emissions, and income inequality. Income inequality in the previous year significantly affects that in the current year positively. Whether at the national or regional level, economic growth affects income inequality negatively. For the national sample, the highway reduces income inequality, while the railway increases income inequality. For both the subsamples and the national sample, carbon emissions significantly increase income inequality and are the Granger test cause for income inequality. Furthermore, we discuss some of the possible mechanisms of these results. Our findings generate policy implications for reducing income inequality in regard to economic growth, transport infrastructure, and carbon emissions.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 97%

\begin{matrix} I n e q u a l i t y_{i, t} = β_{0} + β_{1} i n e q u a l i t y_{i, t ‐ 1} + β_{2} h i g h w a y_{i, t} + β_{3} r a i l w a y_{i, t} \\ + β_{4} G D P p e r c a p i t a_{i, t} + β_{5} C O_{2} p e r c a p i t a_{i, t} + ε_{i, t}, \end{matrix}

…”

Section: Methods and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relationship between China's income inequality and transport infrastructure, economic growth, and carbon emissions

Zhang

Zhang²

2021

Growth and Change

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“…Wealth and income levels have remained the root cause of CO 2 emissions and thus CPC since 2000. As such, income inequality and income levels are key factors to consider when formulating carbon reduction policies 30 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased inequalities of per capita CO2 emissions in China

Yang

Hao

Feng

2021

Sci Rep

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Designing inter-regional and inter-provincial responsibility-sharing mechanisms for climate change mitigation requires the knowledge of carbon distributions. This study is the first to use a two-sector (i.e., productive and household sectors) inequality decomposition approach to examine the regional, provincial, and national inequalities of per capita CO2 emissions (CPC) in China, as well as their determinants. We show that the CPC inequality index in China increased from 1.1364 in 2000 to 2.3688 in 2017, with the productive sector accounting for 91.42% of this expansion and households responsible for the rest. The production-side per capita output level, energy efficiency, energy structure, and industrial structure explain 69.01%, 12.81%, 5.57%, and 4.03% of these inequalities, respectively. Further, the household per capita energy consumption and energy structure explain only 8.12% and 0.46%, respectively. Therefore, future responsibility-sharing mechanisms for climate mitigation need to be formulated taking mainly the productive sector into account.

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“…，不仅大大改善了贫困农户在收入分配中的不利地位 [7] ，也极大增强了其对国家政权合法性和地方政府公信力的认同 [8] 。但扶贫资源输入中不可避免存在 "瞄准失误" [12] 。而在现阶段中国经济发展进程中，机会不平等更是造成收入差距逐步扩大的重要因素 [13] ，且更容易成为引发社会矛盾的根源 [14] 。Roemer [15] 则指出，若是由不可控的环境因素即机会不平等所造成的收入不平等，则应实行 "补偿措施" 。基于此，现阶段精准扶贫政策也对症下药，遵循《中共中央国务院关于打赢脱贫攻坚战的决定》 [16] [17,18] 。但其在实施过程中不仅存在部分瞄准偏误及救助水平严重不足等问题 [20] ，甚至会抑制经济长期增长，进而形成西方国家常见的福利依赖问题 [21] 。而机会供给则作为一种 "造血" 式扶贫资源，包括产业扶贫、易地搬迁等，强调充分发挥贫困人口的主体性作用，让农户利用自身的土地、资本和劳动力等主要生产要素充分参与到扶贫项目中。虽然在实施过程中存在一定 "漏出效应" 和 "溢出效应" ，但通过 "扶业" 与 "扶人" 并举，可惠及绝大多数 "轻度贫困户" 和 "中、小富户" [22] ，且其对收入不平等的改善效应得到了学术界的广泛认可 [23,24] [25] 。个体分配公平感的产生取决于其在现有分配状态中获利的多寡 [26] ，若个体从当前的分配状态中是获益的，那么其就倾向于认为当前的分配状态是公平的 [27] [29] 。而贫困农户往往收入水平较低，发展能力薄弱，自身资源禀赋制约其 "不能" 把握外部机会 [5] ；而较低的收入水平也与风险厌恶特征紧密相关，进而导致其 "不愿" 把握外部机会 [30] ) 最后，计算参与者平均处理效应 (ATT) [32] ，即精…”

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Research on the promotion of poverty alleviation resources input to the distribution justice of poverty-stricken areas

GUAN¹,

Wang²,

Jin³

2020

资源科学

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：Precision poverty alleviation policy, as a special public policy benefiting some poor people, is essentially fair. Under the background of the widening income gaps in rural areas, the positive role of precise poverty alleviation policy in promoting distribution equity urgently needs to be tested. Using the sample data of 909 rural households in poverty-stricken areas in 2017, this study investigated the impact of precise poverty alleviation policies on distribution equity and its impact mechanism through propensity score matching (PSM) model and ordinary least squares (OLS) model with interactive items. The results show that the precise poverty alleviation policy can effectively improve the disadvantageous position of the poor in income distribution by means of transfer payment and opportunity supply, and greatly improve the sense of fairness in the distribution of the poor. The treatment effects are 4.2% and 0.470, respectively. However, the irrational preference of the poor farmers for transfer payment also arises. Therefore, on the one hand, we should give full play to the governance function of the rural acquaintance society, fully mobilize the poverty-stricken people' s poverty alleviation subjectivity, and improve their irrational preference for transfer payment. On the other hand, we should optimize the distribution structure of poverty alleviation resources and implement differentiated poverty alleviation policies for different types of poverty-stricken families, so as to ensure that precise poverty alleviation policies promote fair distribution and improve the utilization efficiency of poverty alleviation resources.

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The income inequality and carbon emissions trade-off revisited

Cited by 80 publications

References 56 publications

The relationship between China's income inequality and transport infrastructure, economic growth, and carbon emissions

The relationship between China's income inequality and transport infrastructure, economic growth, and carbon emissions

Increased inequalities of per capita CO2 emissions in China

Research on the promotion of poverty alleviation resources input to the distribution justice of poverty-stricken areas

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