The Incremental Effect of Over-the-Counter Medications on Work Productivity and Health Care Resource Utilization Among Adults With Pain in the United States

Lee, L.J.; DiBonaventura, M.; Kudel, Ian; Schepart, A.L.; Kellstein, David

doi:10.1016/j.jval.2016.03.1074

Cited by 3 publications

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“…Overall, nearly two‐thirds of men with ED in the current study were not using any treatment at all, which suggests that better services for this group could, for a significant number of its members and their partners, improve well‐being and, in the longer term, enhance the prevention and treatment of life‐threatening illnesses. Pharmacy medication availability has been associated with improvements in HCRU and cost‐effectiveness in other therapeutic areas in treating non‐communicable diseases, such as in pain management and CVD risk reduction 39,40 . Future research is needed to determine whether the availability of sildenafil‐P has a similar impact on costs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Increasing access to erectile dysfunction treatment via pharmacies to improve healthcare provider visits and quality of life: Results from a prospective real‐world observational study in the United Kingdom

et al. 2020

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Objectives The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency in the United Kingdom (UK) formally reclassified sildenafil citrate 50 mg tablets as a pharmacy medicine (sildenafil‐P) in 2017 for adult men with erectile dysfunction (ED). A 1‐year prospective real‐world observational study was conducted to track men's health behaviour, particularly their healthcare resource utilisation (HCRU) and quality of life (QoL) before and after the availability of sildenafil‐P. Methods Adult men with ED aged ≥18 years provided data at baseline (prior to launch of sildenafil‐P) and every 3 months after the launch. Demographics, health characteristics, treatments at baseline and HCRU, including number of pharmacist and physician/nurse practitioner visits over time are reported. QoL‐related outcomes were assessed via the Self‐Esteem and Relationship Questionnaire (SEAR), 2‐Item Patient Health Questionnaire and ratings of sexual satisfaction. Generalised linear models were used to assess the association of sildenafil‐P use with total physician/nurse practitioner and pharmacist visits and QoL‐related outcomes at 12 months. Results Overall, 1162 men completed the survey at all 5 time points. The mean ± SD age was 59.02 ± 12.06 years; 55.42% reported having a moderate‐to‐severe ED. Hypertension (37.52%) and hypercholesterolaemia (31.50%) were the most common risk factors for ED. At baseline, 62.99% were not using any ED treatment. After adjusting for baseline visits/other covariates, mean physician/nurse practitioner (3.68 vs 2.87; P = .003) and pharmacist visits for any reason (2.10 vs 1.34; P < .001) at 12 months were significantly higher among sildenafil‐P users than those who never used sildenafil‐P. Sildenafil‐P users also had significantly higher SEAR total and domain (sexual relationship and self‐esteem) scores at 12 months. Conclusion Following the reclassification to a pharmacy medicine in the UK, sildenafil‐P was associated with a higher number of physician/nurse practitioner and pharmacist visits for any reason. Sildenafil‐P use was also associated with better QoL, although group differences were small in magnitude.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pharmacy medication availability has been associated with improvements in HCRU and cost-effectiveness in other therapeutic areas in treating non-communicable diseases, such as in pain management and CVD risk reduction. 39,40 Future research is needed to determine whether the availability of sildenafil-P has a similar impact on costs.…”

Section: (A) (B)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing access to erectile dysfunction treatment via pharmacies to improve healthcare provider visits and quality of life: Results from a prospective real‐world observational study in the United Kingdom

et al. 2020

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“…paracetamol, ibuprofen, and ibuprofen topical products) has an important role in pain management, albeit only for occasional use (chronic pain should be managed by prescription drugs only). The literature analysis identified a retrospective, cross-sectional study by Lee et al 36 presented at the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research in 2016 evaluating National Health and Welfare Survey data in 2013. Of 75,000 patients surveyed, 25,851 respondents (34.5%) had reported pain in the past 12 months, of whom 15.1% were taking non-prescription medicine plus a prescription drug, 19.0% used a prescription drug only, 51.3% took a non-prescription medicine only, and 14.6% were untreated.…”

Section: Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

The value of self-medication: summary of existing evidence

Noone¹,

Blanchette

2017

Journal of Medical Economics

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Aim: The aim of this review was to identify the international evidence that is currently available on the economic value of self-care through responsible self-medication, in terms of the measures related to access to treatment, time, and productivity. Methods: A targeted literature search was conducted for 1990-2016, including data gathered from members of the World Self-Medication Industry and searches on PubMed, EBSCOHost, and Google Scholar. Specific searches of individual drug classes known to be switched to non-prescription status in this period were also conducted. Results: A total of 71 articles were identified, of which 17 (11 modeling studies, six retrospective analyses) were included in the review. Evidence from modeling studies and retrospective analyses of grouped data across a range of common conditions for which non-prescription medications are available in different countries/regions showed that the use of non-prescription products for the treatment of common conditions or for symptom management (e.g. allergies, chronic pain, migraine, vaginitis, gastrointestinal symptoms, or common cold symptoms) had considerable value to patients, payers, and employers alike in terms of cost savings and improved productivity. Potential benefits of self-medication were also identified in preventative healthcare strategies, such as those for cardiovascular health and osteoporosis. Limitations: This review was limited by a targeted, but non-systematic approach to literature retrieval, as well as the inclusion of unpublished reports/white papers and patient self-reported data. Conclusions: The evidence identified in this literature review shows that responsible, appropriate selfmedication with non-prescription products can provide significant economic benefits for patients, employers, and healthcare systems worldwide. ARTICLE HISTORY

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“…We found that respondents who had self-medicated were less likely to use inpatient services, and their inpatient expenses were significantly reduced by 9.4%. Previous research showed that patients in pain who self-medicated with non-prescription medication were associated with significantly fewer hospitalizations experiences ( 52 ). Patients with hemophilia who took self-medication without prior consultation with a physician had an 89% reduction in the number of days they were hospitalized ( 53 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does self-medication reduce medical expenditure among the middle-aged and elderly population? A four-wave longitudinal study in China

Zheng

Feng

Zhang

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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IntroductionSelf-medication has a high prevalence in the middle-aged and elderly population in China. Despite the published evidence demonstrating the economic benefits of self-medication, limited research has addressed the relationship between self-medication and individual medical expenditures, especially within the Chinese population. This study examined the effect of self-medication on individual medical expenditures in China and analyzed the heterogeneity between outpatient and inpatient cases.MethodsWe conducted a panel data analysis using data from four waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Two-part mixed-effect models were implemented to estimate the effect of self-medication on total outpatient and inpatient expenses and out-of-pocket (OOP) costs, where mixed-effects logit regression was used as the first part, and generalized linear mixed models with log link and gamma distribution was used as the second part.ResultsWe identified 72,041 responses representing 24,641 individuals, of which 13,185 responses incurred outpatient expenses and 9,003 responses incurred inpatient costs. Controlling for all covariates, we found that self-medication behaviors were significantly associated with a higher probability of outpatient service utilization (OR = 1.250, 95% CI = 0.179 to 0.269; P < 0.001), but displayed no significant association with outpatient expenses. Respondents who had taken self-medication were less likely to use inpatient services (OR = 0.865, 95% CI = −0.201 to −0.089; P < 0.001), and their inpatient expenses were significantly reduced by 9.4% (P < 0.001). Inpatient OOP costs were significantly reduced by 10.7% (P < 0.001), and outpatient OOP costs were significantly increased by 11.3% (P < 0.001) among respondents who had self-medicated.ConclusionsThis study allowed us to identify the economic value of self-medication among the middle-aged and elderly population in China. Future work should guide the middle-aged and elderly to take responsible self-medication to reduce their economic burden.

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The Incremental Effect of Over-the-Counter Medications on Work Productivity and Health Care Resource Utilization Among Adults With Pain in the United States

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Increasing access to erectile dysfunction treatment via pharmacies to improve healthcare provider visits and quality of life: Results from a prospective real‐world observational study in the United Kingdom

Increasing access to erectile dysfunction treatment via pharmacies to improve healthcare provider visits and quality of life: Results from a prospective real‐world observational study in the United Kingdom

The value of self-medication: summary of existing evidence

Does self-medication reduce medical expenditure among the middle-aged and elderly population? A four-wave longitudinal study in China

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