The indirect impact of control measures in COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of other infectious diseases in China

Song, Shuangshuang; Li, Bowen; Li, Jian; Nie, Xiuzhen; Liu, Liyan; Liu, Shihua; Xiuzhi, Yin; Aiwei, Lin

doi:10.1016/j.puhip.2022.100278

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Last but not least, the relative risk map for the future trends of HFMD has not been projected. Actually, in the context of ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the behaviors of many infectious diseases have been changed [51,52].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined impacts of environmental and socioeconomic covariates on HFMD risk in China: A spatiotemporal heterogeneous perspective

Mao

et al. 2023

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Background Understanding geospatial impacts of multi-sourced influencing factors on the epidemic of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is of great significance for formulating disease control policies tailored to regional-specific needs, yet the knowledge is very limited. We aim to identify and further quantify the spatiotemporal heterogeneous effects of environmental and socioeconomic factors on HFMD dynamics. Methods We collected monthly province-level HFMD incidence and related environmental and socioeconomic data in China during 2009–2018. Hierarchical Bayesian models were constructed to investigate the spatiotemporal relationships between regional HFMD and various covariates: linear and nonlinear effects for environmental covariates, and linear effects for socioeconomic covariates. Results The spatiotemporal distribution of HFMD cases was highly heterogeneous, indicated by the Lorenz curves and the corresponding Gini indices. The peak time (R2 = 0.65, P = 0.009), annual amplitude (R2 = 0.94, P<0.001), and semi-annual periodicity contribution (R2 = 0.88, P<0.001) displayed marked latitudinal gradients in Central China region. The most likely cluster areas for HFMD were located in south China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hainan) from April 2013 to October 2017. The Bayesian models achieved the best predictive performance (R2 = 0.87, P<0.001). We found significant nonlinear associations between monthly average temperature, relative humidity, normalized difference vegetation index and HFMD transmission. Besides, population density (RR = 1.261; 95%CI, 1.169–1.353), birth rate (RR = 1.058; 95%CI, 1.025–1.090), real GDP per capita (RR = 1.163; 95%CI, 1.033–1.310) and school vacation (RR = 0.507; 95%CI, 0.459–0.559) were identified to have positive or negative effects on HFMD respectively. Our model could successfully predict months with HFMD outbreaks versus non-outbreaks in provinces of China from Jan 2009 to Dec 2018. Conclusions Our study highlights the importance of refined spatial and temporal data, as well as environmental and socioeconomic information, on HFMD transmission dynamics. The spatiotemporal analysis framework may provide insights into adjusting regional interventions to local conditions and temporal variations in broader natural and social sciences.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined impacts of environmental and socioeconomic covariates on HFMD risk in China: A spatiotemporal heterogeneous perspective

Mao

et al. 2023

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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“…In reference to the prevalence of in uenza in 2020, we observed an increase of 41.76%, which is far from that described in the literature. In China, the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention determined that the seasonal in uenza rate in 2020 was 65% lower than in 2019 (21). Yu et al (22) also estimate that, in Wuhan, the average in uenza positive rate in 2018 was 14%, compared to 28.7% in 2019, with a relevant decrease in 2020 of 4.3%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of respiratory infections during the 2018-2020 period in the paediatric population of primary care centres in Central Catalonia

Reyes

Vidal‐Alaball

Suwezda³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Following the COVID-19 pandemic, policies such as social distancing, hand washing and the use of masks were implemented which could play an important role in the reduction of infectious diseases. An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted to observe the prevalence of respiratory infections in children under 15 years of age during the 2018-2020 period in Primary Care centres in Central Catalonia. In 2020, there was a 44.35 decrease in total consultations for respiratory infections compared to 2019. All respiratory infections exhibited a significant decrease except influenza, which increased by 41.76%. Children between the ages of 6 and 12 had the highest prevalence of influenza (87.68%), and the SARS-CoV-2-19 infection was most frequent (4.06%) among those between the ages of 12 and 15. Compared to urban centres, rural centres presented a higher prevalence of all infections except influenza and SARS-CoV-2. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant decrease in the number of consultations for respiratory infections in the paediatric population, except for influenza, which increased in cases in January and February 2020. No differences were found between sexes, although differences were found in the distribution of the different age groups.

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“…[36] Researches in the same period also suggested that the incidence of most infectious diseases in China showed a downward trend, one of these diseases with the largest decline was HFMD. [37][38][39] Interventions such as the wearing of masks, frequent hand-washing, less gathering, or even school closure, played an positive role in the prevention and control of HFMD. [40] These various public health intervention strategies and measures adopted by China to contain COVID-19 can provide a reference for the prevention and control of HFMD and indeed other infectious diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of enterovirus 71 vaccination on the epidemiological characteristics and etiology in hospitalized children with hand-foot-and-mouth disease: A retrospective study from a tertiary children’s hospital

Sun

Liu

et al. 2022

Medicine

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Enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine for hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) prevention has been available for several years. However, as a new vaccine, the impact of EV71 vaccination on the epidemiology and etiology of HFMD is currently unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the changes of epidemiological characteristics and etiology of HFMD patients after the introduction of EV71 vaccine. The data of hospitalized children with HFMD from 2014 to 2020 were collected from the case record department of a tertiary children hospital of Anhui Province. The changes of epidemiological characteristics, time distribution, disease severity and enterovirus serotypes in hospitalized children were analyzed. A total of 7373 cases of HFMD were reported during 2014 to 2020, including 634 (8.6%) severe cases. The number of cases reached the peak in 2016 (n = 1783) and decreased gradually after EV71 vaccination. The results of etiological test showed the positive rate was 80.5%, in which EV71 accounted for 1599 (21.7%) and CV-A16 accounted for 1028 (13.9%) respectively. The number of patients showed a bimodal distribution throughout the year, which were April to June and October to November. The age distribution changed significantly following the introduction of EV71 vaccine. The proportion of 1-year-old group of post-vaccination was significantly higher than that of pre-vaccination (61.9% vs 50.8%, P < .001). The proportion of HFMD caused by EV71 and severe cases decreased significantly after the vaccination ( P < .001 for both). While the comparison of epidemiological characteristics and enterovirus serotypes between unvaccinated and vaccinated cases during 2017 to 2020 showed no significant difference. The dominant enterovirus serotypes of hospitalized HFMD changed significantly after the introduction of EV71 vaccine. The proportion of severe cases decreased significantly after the vaccination, but EV71 was still a major pathogen in patients with severe HFMD. More age-appropriate children are recommended to get vaccinated to establish stronger herd immunity in the population.

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The indirect impact of control measures in COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of other infectious diseases in China

Cited by 15 publications

References 9 publications

Combined impacts of environmental and socioeconomic covariates on HFMD risk in China: A spatiotemporal heterogeneous perspective

Combined impacts of environmental and socioeconomic covariates on HFMD risk in China: A spatiotemporal heterogeneous perspective

Prevalence of respiratory infections during the 2018-2020 period in the paediatric population of primary care centres in Central Catalonia

Effect of enterovirus 71 vaccination on the epidemiological characteristics and etiology in hospitalized children with hand-foot-and-mouth disease: A retrospective study from a tertiary children’s hospital

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